Intelligence Flashcards
How is intelligence multifaceted?
It can be expressed in a number of domains
How is intelligence functional?
- Directed at solving problems,
- Ability to adapt and shape environments and achieve various goals,
- The capacity for goal directed behavior.
How is intelligence culturally defined?
The application of skills and knowledge to learn that is valued by an individual or culture. This differs all over the world.
What three central questions are central to understanding intelligence?
- Intelligence is multifaceted
- Intelligence is functional
- Intelligence is culturally defined.
What were the efforts of Galton (1822-1911)?
Was the first to design a measure to test intelligence. Was interested in the theory of evolution for intelligence.
What were the efforts of Binet (1857-1911)?
Unlike Galton her believed the true measure of intelligence was an individuals performance on complex tasks of memory, judgement, and comprehension
What did Binet and Simon develop?
Devised the mental age concept.
What is MA?
Average age at which children achieve an actual score.
On the Stanford-Binet (1916) scale, how is IQ calculated?
IQ = (MA/CA) x 100
What were Wechsler’s contributions?
Attempted to remove biases associated with earlier intelligence tests.
What does Wechsler’s scale measure?
Intelligence is measured on a number of sub-scales including.
a. Verbal intelligence
b. Non verbal intelligence
What do Wechsler scales allow psychologists to identify?
Strengths and weaknesses within individuals.
What did Wechsler apply his formula to?
A normal distribution curve to get away from the problem of MA loosing intelligence as time goes on.
How is intellectual disability defined?
Significantly below average intellectual functioning.
IQ less that 70
Deficits in more than one domain.
What are some of the causes of intellectual disability?
Possible genetic origin: Down Syndrome
May be biological in origin: Phenylketouria
May be environmental: Teratogens
What is ‘giftedness’?
Associated with an IQ over 130.
Can reflect academic, social, musical, or athletic ability.
What is creativity?
The ability to produce valued outcomes in a novel way: moderately correlated with IQ
How can creativity be measured?
Through divergent thinking tests. Respondents are asked to come up with multiple solutions to a problem.
Is brain size related to intelligence?
No - Bigger is not better.
What are three criticisms with IQ testing?
a) Lack of theoretical basis - No underlying construct was used to devise tests. Focus on Cognitive domains not measuring practical intelligence.
b) Possible cultural bias - Favors white, middles class education system
c) Question of validity - validity only has meaning in relation to a goal.
What is Spearman’s approach
The psychometric approach: tries to identify groups of items in a test that correlate highly with each other to discover underlying skills or abilities.
What are Spearman’s two factors in his two-factor theory?
- General or g-factor
2. Specific or s-factor
What is the drawback of factor analysis?
There are many ways to interpret the data.
What is Gf-Gc theory? and How is it considered?
Distinguishes two general intelligence factors, fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence. Many consider the most robust.
What is fluid intelligence?
Intellectual capabilities that have no specific content but are used in processing information and approaching novel problems. the ability to draw inferences, find analogies and recognize patterns.
What is crystallized intelligence?
Refers to peoples store of knowledge, such as short term memory, long term memory, visual processing and auditory processing. Processing speed on simple tasks, decision speed and quantitative knowledge.
How would a cognitive psychologist from the information processing approach define intelligence?
Examines the mental processes that underline intelligent behavior rather than quantify basic abilities. The “how” not just the “how much”.
What three variables does the information processing approach focus on?
- Speed of processing - how rapidly someone can perform a mental task.
- Knowledge base - amount of knowledge, how it is organized and accessibility for retrieval.
- Ability to acquire and apply mental strategies - how to apply and use them
Describe Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence.
- Experiential intelligence.
- Contextual intelligence
- Componential intelligence
What is emotional intelligence?
The ability to read peoples emotions and use ones own emotional responses adaptively.
What are the eight intelligences identified by Howard Gardener?
Musical Bodily / Kinesthetic Spatial Verbal / Linguistic Logical / Mathematical Intra-personal (self-understanding) Social
According to Gardener, why do we have different intelligences?
Because they are linked to different areas of the brain.
Multiple neural modules.
What are some risk factors in low child IQ?`
- Maternal lack of education
- Maternal mental illness
- Minority status
- Family size
