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Psychology 2 > Intelligence > Flashcards

Intelligence Flashcards

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1
Q

How is intelligence multifaceted?

A

It can be expressed in a number of domains

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2
Q

How is intelligence functional?

A
  1. Directed at solving problems,
  2. Ability to adapt and shape environments and achieve various goals,
  3. The capacity for goal directed behavior.
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3
Q

How is intelligence culturally defined?

A

The application of skills and knowledge to learn that is valued by an individual or culture. This differs all over the world.

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4
Q

What three central questions are central to understanding intelligence?

A
  1. Intelligence is multifaceted
  2. Intelligence is functional
  3. Intelligence is culturally defined.
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5
Q

What were the efforts of Galton (1822-1911)?

A

Was the first to design a measure to test intelligence. Was interested in the theory of evolution for intelligence.

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6
Q

What were the efforts of Binet (1857-1911)?

A

Unlike Galton her believed the true measure of intelligence was an individuals performance on complex tasks of memory, judgement, and comprehension

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7
Q

What did Binet and Simon develop?

A

Devised the mental age concept.

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8
Q

What is MA?

A

Average age at which children achieve an actual score.

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9
Q

On the Stanford-Binet (1916) scale, how is IQ calculated?

A

IQ = (MA/CA) x 100

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10
Q

What were Wechsler’s contributions?

A

Attempted to remove biases associated with earlier intelligence tests.

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11
Q

What does Wechsler’s scale measure?

A

Intelligence is measured on a number of sub-scales including.

a. Verbal intelligence
b. Non verbal intelligence

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12
Q

What do Wechsler scales allow psychologists to identify?

A

Strengths and weaknesses within individuals.

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13
Q

What did Wechsler apply his formula to?

A

A normal distribution curve to get away from the problem of MA loosing intelligence as time goes on.

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14
Q

How is intellectual disability defined?

A

Significantly below average intellectual functioning.
IQ less that 70
Deficits in more than one domain.

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15
Q

What are some of the causes of intellectual disability?

A

Possible genetic origin: Down Syndrome
May be biological in origin: Phenylketouria
May be environmental: Teratogens

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16
Q

What is ‘giftedness’?

A

Associated with an IQ over 130.

Can reflect academic, social, musical, or athletic ability.

17
Q

What is creativity?

A

The ability to produce valued outcomes in a novel way: moderately correlated with IQ

18
Q

How can creativity be measured?

A

Through divergent thinking tests. Respondents are asked to come up with multiple solutions to a problem.

19
Q

Is brain size related to intelligence?

A

No - Bigger is not better.

20
Q

What are three criticisms with IQ testing?

A

a) Lack of theoretical basis - No underlying construct was used to devise tests. Focus on Cognitive domains not measuring practical intelligence.
b) Possible cultural bias - Favors white, middles class education system
c) Question of validity - validity only has meaning in relation to a goal.

21
Q

What is Spearman’s approach

A

The psychometric approach: tries to identify groups of items in a test that correlate highly with each other to discover underlying skills or abilities.

22
Q

What are Spearman’s two factors in his two-factor theory?

A
  1. General or g-factor

2. Specific or s-factor

23
Q

What is the drawback of factor analysis?

A

There are many ways to interpret the data.

24
Q

What is Gf-Gc theory? and How is it considered?

A

Distinguishes two general intelligence factors, fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence. Many consider the most robust.

25
Q

What is fluid intelligence?

A

Intellectual capabilities that have no specific content but are used in processing information and approaching novel problems. the ability to draw inferences, find analogies and recognize patterns.

26
Q

What is crystallized intelligence?

A

Refers to peoples store of knowledge, such as short term memory, long term memory, visual processing and auditory processing. Processing speed on simple tasks, decision speed and quantitative knowledge.

27
Q

How would a cognitive psychologist from the information processing approach define intelligence?

A

Examines the mental processes that underline intelligent behavior rather than quantify basic abilities. The “how” not just the “how much”.

28
Q

What three variables does the information processing approach focus on?

A
  1. Speed of processing - how rapidly someone can perform a mental task.
  2. Knowledge base - amount of knowledge, how it is organized and accessibility for retrieval.
  3. Ability to acquire and apply mental strategies - how to apply and use them
29
Q

Describe Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence.

A
  1. Experiential intelligence.
  2. Contextual intelligence
  3. Componential intelligence
30
Q

What is emotional intelligence?

A

The ability to read peoples emotions and use ones own emotional responses adaptively.

31
Q

What are the eight intelligences identified by Howard Gardener?

A 
Musical
Bodily / Kinesthetic
Spatial
Verbal / Linguistic
Logical / Mathematical
Intra-personal (self-understanding)
Social
32
Q

According to Gardener, why do we have different intelligences?

A

Because they are linked to different areas of the brain.

Multiple neural modules.

33
Q

What are some risk factors in low child IQ?`

A
  1. Maternal lack of education
  2. Maternal mental illness
  3. Minority status
  4. Family size

Psychology 2 (11 decks)

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