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Psychology 2 > Cross Cultrual & Indigenous Psychology > Flashcards

Cross Cultrual & Indigenous Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is culture?

A
  1. Culture is defined as the shared rules that govern behavior of a group of people and enable members of that group to co-exist and survive.
  2. Is relatively stable from one generation to the next, but evolves slowly over time (cultural shift).
  3. It is something that we learn, perhaps subconsciously.
  4. Culture is multi-faceted, facets that are interconnected.
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2
Q

What is enculturation?

A

The process of absorbing and internalizing the rules of ones culture.

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3
Q

What is the role of cultural psychologists?

A

They study the ways in which people are affected by the culture they live in (individual psychological processes are shaped by cultural context)

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4
Q

What is the role of cross-cultural psychologists?

A

They compare the similarities and differences in behavior across different cultures.

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5
Q

What is the emic perspective?

A

It is culture specific research, it involves focusing on a specific cultural group and examining particular psychological aspects of that group.

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6
Q

What id the etic perspective?

A

More cross cultural research, it involves the search for commonalities or differences across cultures.

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7
Q

What are cross-cultural comparison studies?

A

involve comparing two or more different cultures in relation to a particular psychological variable.

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8
Q

What are cross-cultural validation studies?

A

They examine whether a psychological variable in one culture can be applied to have meaning in another culture.

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9
Q

What are unpackaging studies?

A

They try to explain why cultural differences occur, looking at the range of variables that might account for divergence on a particular aspect.

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10
Q

Outline the five challenges for psychologists studying culture

A
  1. The problem of research methods
  2. The problem of equivalent samples
  3. The problem of interpreting results.
  4. The problem of researcher bias
  5. The problem of sensitive issues.
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11
Q

What is the individualism-collectivism continuum?

A

The extent to which a given culture favor individual or communal goals.

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12
Q

What are the guidelines for ethical conduct when working with ABT or TSI groups.

A
  1. Reciprocity
  2. Respect
  3. Equality
  4. Responsibility
  5. Survival and protection
  6. Spirit and integrity
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13
Q

What is a monochronic culture?

A

Time is closely regulated and observed

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14
Q

What is a polychronic culture?

A

Time is loosly regulated.

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15
Q

What are cultural display rules?

A

Specify the appropriateness of displaying certain emotions in particular social settings

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16
Q

What are the dimensions of interpersonal space?

A
  1. Intimate space
  2. Social and consultative space
  3. Public space.
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17
Q

What is conversational distance?

A

Refers to how close people stand to each other when they are talking, and is related to the idea of intimate space.

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18
Q

What are high context cultures?

A

Close attention to nonverbal signs to decode real meanings.

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19
Q

What are low context cultures?

A

interpret actions and words literally.

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20
Q

What are tight and loose cultures?

A

the extent to which people are expected to adhere to cultural norms

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21
Q

What is multiculturalism?

A

A situation where multiple cultures exist within a country and where the number of inhabitants representing those cultures is significant.

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22
Q

What is pluralism?

A

General acceptance of the existence of many cultures and ethnic groups and their right to retain their cultural heritage while co-existing.

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23
Q

What is culture shock?

A

A feeling of disorientation and anxiety that occurs as people from one culture encounter and adapt to the practices, rules and expectations of another culture.

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24
Q

What are the four stages in culture shock?

A
  1. The honeymoon period
  2. The disenchantment phase
  3. The beginning resolution phase
  4. The effective functioning phase.
25
Q

What are cultural stereotypes?

A

Generalized vies that we hold about particular groups of people, that all members of a cultural group share common traits or behaviors.

26
Q

What is acculturation?

A

The changes that groups and individuals undergo when they come into contact with another culture.

27
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Absorption into the dominant culture

28
Q

What is fusion?

A

Combining two cultures to form a new culture

29
Q

What is alteration?

A

Maintenance of two distinct cultural identities within a multicultural society.

30
Q

What is ethnicity?

A

A term used in relation to people who share geographic, language, cultural, and religious origins.

31
Q

What is ethnic identity?

A

Is where members of an ethnic group identify “us” in relation to “them”using aspects of shared culture, language, ore religion.

32
Q

What is personal identity?

A

a sense of who we are as individuals.

33
Q

What is social identity?

A

Relates to perception that we are part of a larger social group and share with other group members salient attributes such as values, meanings and goals.

34
Q

What is sex>

A

Refers to the biological attributes that differentiate males and females.

35
Q

What is gender?

A

Refers to the roles and behaviors that cultures deem appropriate for men and women.

36
Q

What is xenophobia?

A

The fear or hatred of foreigners, or anything foreign or unfamiliar.

37
Q

What are cultural stereotypes?

A

Generalized views that we hold about particular groups of people. The belief that all members of a particular cultural group share common traits or behaviors.

38
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

Tendency for a person to view rest of the world based on their own culture.

39
Q

What is prejudice?

A

An unreasonable and negative stereotype about members of another group (negative pre-judgment based on group membership)

40
Q

What is racial prejudice?

A

Negative stereo types about members of another racial or cultural group.

41
Q

What is racism?

A

Pervasive and systematic assumptions of inferiority and the unfair and differential treatment of others based on this assumption of inferiority.

42
Q

What is discrimination?

A

Behavioral manifestation of prejudiced attitudes.

43
Q

What are some of the ways to reduce racism and prejudice in society.?

A
  1. Macro level
  2. Institutional level
  3. Psychology
  4. Individual.
44
Q

What is the contact hypothesis?

A

Suggests that contact between cultural groups will help break down barriers and prejudices.

45
Q

What is discursive psychology.?

A

Examines the use of psychological phenomena in talk and texts with standard stories often framing the way ethnic relations are talked about and understood.

46
Q

What are indigenous people?

A

The original inhabitants of a land or country who in most cases now share their traditional homeland with others.

47
Q

What are the objectives of indigenous psychology?

A

Develop psychologies that are:

  1. Not imposed
  2. Influenced by cultural context
  3. Developed from within the culture
  4. Result in locally relevant knowledge
48
Q

What two factors shape aboriginal identity?

A
  1. Deep connection to the land

2. Dreaming stories.

49
Q

What are some of the social issues aboriginal people face?

A
  1. Low socioeconomic status
  2. Poor education retention rates
  3. Lower life expectancy.
50
Q

What is vital to understand in understanding the issues that aboriginal people face?

A

The past.

51
Q

What is self-determination?

A

Enabling indigenous Australian people to establish their own identity and make decisions on their own futures.

52
Q

What are the Torres Straight Islanders commonly referred to as?

A

The forgotten people.

53
Q

How does the West and the East differ in learning style?

A
  1. The West use highly formalized classroom settings.

2 The East learn by observation.

54
Q

Aboriginal children may not cope with Western education system because…

A
  1. Low self-efficacy (stereotypes and prejudice)
  2. Low expectations of teachers
  3. Language difficulties.
  4. Collectivism vs. individualism differences
  5. Poverty and socioeconomic disadvantages
  6. Limited relevance of context.
  7. Unfamiliarity with structured school setting
55
Q

What nonverbal behaviors are a source of cross cultural confusion?

A
  1. Kinesic - gestures, facial expressions.
  2. Oculesics - eye contact
  3. Haptics - touch
  4. Proxemics - distance
  5. Chronometrics - time
  6. Vocalics - pitch, tome, tempo.
56
Q

What us cultural competence?

A

is about a persons effectiveness in communication and behaving appropriately with people from another culture.
Involves understanding the practical application of this knowledge.
Is an ethical responsibility of psychologists.

57
Q

What is social constructionaism?

A

Refers to the post modern theory that there are no universal truths because people are continually constructing their knowledge based on their own individual and cultural experiences.
Closely linked to the discursive approach that focuses on the spoken and written text as the creator of meaning.

58
Q

What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

A

Speakers of different languages actually think differently and do so because of the differences in their languages.

Psychology 2 (11 decks)

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