Social Development Flashcards
What is social development?
great difference between generations and the cultural variations in the way in which individuals experience social relationships.
includes learning how to socially interact with others in family and society. Provides the opportunities and skills that enable people to develop relationships
What is stages of play in infancy and early childhood?
Jean Piaget highlighted the importance of play in learning and development. When infants solo play due to limited social, cognitive and physical skills it provides infants with a variety of learning opportunities, in particular the chance to explore the environment at their own pace. It can help infants to focus their attention, become self-reliant, learn by making mistakes and increase self-esteem.
What is parallel play?
Parallel play
Between the ages of two and three, infants move from solo play to playing alongside other children, they haven’t developed the sharing, turn-taking skills required for group/co-operative play. Although infants are engaged in similar activities such as water or sand play, each infant will be independently playing. Infants do show interest in what other children are doing and like to be in Prescience of adults and other children.
What is co-operative play?
Co-operative play
Between the ages of three and eight, children begin to widen their social network and form relationships with peers and other adults. By the age of three, a child plays more co-operatively, helped by language development, they may play, share and take turns with other children. By age of seven, most children have established numerous friendships and would have a “Best friend”.
Play is essential for communication skills, negotiating roles and beginning to acknowledge other children’s feelings. By responding to their peers’ feelings, children learn to become more co-operative in their play.
What are stages of play in childhood?
Solo Play 0-1 year
Closely observe adults, touches and tries to consume objects, begins to play simple games and explore toys alone
Solo play 12-18 months
Begins to play and talk alone, repeats actions, starts to play with adults, notices other children.
Parallel play 18 months- 2 years
Begins to enjoy repetitive actions such as putting objects into and out of boxes. Begins to copy other children and adults. Enjoys playing with adults and alone. Learn to complete tasks with trial and error.
Associative play 3-4 years
Begins to co-operatively play with other children and shows reasoning skills by questioning “how” and “why”. Join in pretend/fantasy games by taking on roles
Co-operative play 4-6 years
Begins to use simple rules in games. Plays co-operatively towards shared goal and takes turns playing table top games with other children
Co-operative play 6-8 years
Begins to enjoy playing in small groups, making up own games and rules. Enjoys understanding and using rules. Copes well with losing
How may relationships differ as a person ages?
Friendships between young children is different from friendships of older children, adolescents, adults. Young children tend to form relationships based on play. Quickly fall out and then make up with children. Relationships for older children, adolescents and adults are more complex and may be more than friendship, which may require new skills. Ability to form relationships grows in a pattern alongside growth. As children mature, become less self-centred and egocentric, more meaningful relationships are formed.
What are informal and formal relationships?
Relationships with others may be informal or formal. Informal relationships develop within families and significant people in individual lives. They start in infancy and develop into strong, trust-built bonds. Informal relationships promote a positive self- concept that prepares adolescents and adults for developing intimate relationships that show mutual respect.
What are formal relationships?
Formal relationships in different contexts between people who are not related or friends, for example colleagues or teacher and student relationships. Formal relationships don’t have emotional attachments but are important to development. They demand different skills, confidence and self-esteem, Children who have positive relationships with family and others are likely to be successful as developing effective formal relationships.
How does social development change between life stages?
Infancy
0-2 years
Interacting with carers
Infants appear to have in-built tendency to interact with carers. By 2 months, they start to smile at human faces. At 3 months they will respond when adults talk. At 5 months, infants can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people. Infants make first relationships as they form emotional attachment to carers. In the later stages of infancy, infants with play alongside other children (parallel play)
Childhood
3-8 years
First Social Learning
Young children are emotionally attached and dependent on adults that care for them. Children begin to learn social roles and behaviour within family context (first or primary socialisation). A family environment may provide a safe base from which to explore social relationships with other children (co-operative play). As children grow older, they’ll become increasingly more independent and form friendships based on mutual trust. Friendships become increasingly important as children grow towards adolescence. Children may begin to form social networks/ circles of friends who agree with and like each other.
Adolescence
9-18 years
Secondary social learning
During adolescence a person’s sense of self-worth may be more influenced by peers than family. Adolescents may copy dress, beliefs, cultural styles, behaviour of friends. Historically, adolescence was seen as time of “storm and stress”. Adolescents must cope with development of own sexuality (Impact of sex hormones on puberty) and social transition to full independence from family. Recent research suggests that many adolescents experience a smooth transition to adult roles without serious parental conflict.
Adulthood
19-65 years
Maturity
During early adulthood, friendship networks continue to be very important for most people, early adulthood is dominated by forming intimate partnerships and need to be employed or establish a career. For many people, marriage and parenthood represent major social developments in their life.
In middle adulthood, individuals experience time pressures that may limit social activity. Mature adults have to split time between work, caring for parents, other family commitments and wider social activities. Some mature adults report reduced social activity due to these pressures
Older adulthood
65+ years
Following retirement, older adults have more time to develop friendships through new hobbies pastime, hobbies and travel. Others may choose to increase their involvement with close friends and family rather than extent network of social contacts
How does social development change between life stages?
Infancy
0-2 years
Interacting with carers
Infants appear to have in-built tendency to interact with carers. By 2 months, they start to smile at human faces. At 3 months they will respond when adults talk. At 5 months, infants can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people. Infants make first relationships as they form emotional attachment to carers. In the later stages of infancy, infants with play alongside other children (parallel play)
Childhood
3-8 years
First Social Learning
Young children are emotionally attached and dependent on adults that care for them. Children begin to learn social roles and behaviour within family context (first or primary socialisation). A family environment may provide a safe base from which to explore social relationships with other children (co-operative play). As children grow older, they’ll become increasingly more independent and form friendships based on mutual trust. Friendships become increasingly important as children grow towards adolescence. Children may begin to form social networks/ circles of friends who agree with and like each other.
Adolescence
9-18 years
Secondary social learning
During adolescence a person’s sense of self-worth may be more influenced by peers than family. Adolescents may copy dress, beliefs, cultural styles, behaviour of friends. Historically, adolescence was seen as time of “storm and stress”. Adolescents must cope with development of own sexuality (Impact of sex hormones on puberty) and social transition to full independence from family. Recent research suggests that many adolescents experience a smooth transition to adult roles without serious parental conflict.
Adulthood
19-65 years
Maturity
During early adulthood, friendship networks continue to be very important for most people, early adulthood is dominated by forming intimate partnerships and need to be employed or establish a career. For many people, marriage and parenthood represent major social developments in their life.
In middle adulthood, individuals experience time pressures that may limit social activity. Mature adults have to split time between work, caring for parents, other family commitments and wider social activities. Some mature adults report reduced social activity due to these pressures
Older adulthood
65+ years
Following retirement, older adults have more time to develop friendships through new hobbies pastime, hobbies and travel. Others may choose to increase their involvement with close friends and family rather than extent network of social contacts
How does independence develop in infancy and childhood?
Infancy and childhood
In infancy, young children are totally dependent on others for their care, but, towards the end of this stage, they begin to assert independence and self-reliance. This involves increased skills in dressing and feeding. In early childhood, although still very dependent on parents and carers, they are widening their experience, starting school, and joining club activities outside the home. Children gradually become less reliant on close family and start to make their own decisions, which, at first may be limited to close family and start to make their own decisions. Initially these may be limited to activities, food, or fashion choices, but at the end of this stage, preferences will be formed.
How does independence change in starting employment?
Starting employment
Between ages 16-18, many young people begin to make important career decisions. Young people need to be realistic and empowered to make informed career decisions. Starting employment is an important transition into the adult world as status changes from learner to employed worker. It is important to adapt to rules, routines, policies of schools, colleges, universities, and workplace. The financial independence associated with starting employment is a step towards full independence. Managing finances, from reading a wage slip, opening a bank account to develop budgeting skills are all important aspects of independence.
How does independence change in leaving home?
Leaving home
There is a clear relationship between leaving home, independence, and adulthood. Independence means different things to different people, moving out the family home is an important step in the process. At some stage in their early twenties, young people may decide to leave the family home. Although many now stay at home longer due to studying, work, or inability to live independently. Leaving the parental home represents a major transitional even, it could mean sacrifices such as lowering living standards, however it allows for independence and self-reliance, juggling chores and work, managing household bills requires young adults to have a new set of skills.
How does independence change in starting a family?
Starting a family
The new status and responsibilities associated with starting a family may be important in developing independence. Developing parenting skills and becoming part of new family unit can provide a sense of identity and feeling of achievement. Becoming a parent is a major life change which comes with lifestyle changes and financial difficulties. New parents must put the needs of new baby before their own, which can involve sacrifice. For instance, a parent may choose to pause their career or change working patterns, can impact financial and emotional independence. Although family members may be able to offer support, the ultimate responsibility is with the new parents. Parenting can be hard work, making demands on time and energy.
How does independence change in middle adulthood?
Middle adulthood
By middle adulthood, people often have few family responsibilities and can pursue hobbies and interests. In this life stage, individuals are likely to reach career peak and may have more disposable income that gives more independence, choice, and freedom. It is during this life stage that social networks and travelling happens more, this isn’t true for everyone in this age group. Changes to the pension system may result in individuals working longer or taking on part-time work when retired. When retired, many parents act as carers for grandchildren or support elderly parents. This will reduce independence.
