Social & Cultural Diversity Flashcards
Culture
the human experience mediated by biological, psychological, historical, and political events.
- includes behaviors, attitudes, feelings, and cognition related to our identities living within the world.
Cultural encapsulation
when the counselor does not understand the client’s worldview or cultural identity and thus fails to integrate this information in practice
multicultural counseling
the integration of cultural identities within the counseling process
cultural identity
the degree to which individuals identify belonging to subgroups of various cultural groups or categories- that is, how the combinations of various cultural group memberships for the client and counselor interact to affect the counseling relationship and the process and outcome of counseling
tripartite model of multicultural counseling
three components: awareness (of values/biases), knowledge (of client’s worldview), and skills (intervention in a culturally appropriate manner)
etic perspective
- related to multicultural counseling competence
- viewing clients from a universal perspective. (an individual client’s culture is minimized to focus more on the basic counseling processes)
emic perspective
- related to multicultural counseling competence
- using counseling approaches that are specific to a client’s culture (use indigenous healing practices and look for alternative explanations of symptoms based on specific cultural expressions
high-context communication
- form of nonverbal communication
- individuals relaying messages by relying heavily on surroundings
low-context communication
- form of nonverbal communication
- individuals communicating primarily verbally to express thoughts and feelings
paralanguage
verbal cues other than words (volume, tempo, pitch, etc)
kinesics
involve postures, body movements, and positions. (could also include facial expressions, eye contact/gazes, and touch)
chronemics
how individuals conceptualize and act toward time
- monochromic: linear time
- polychromic: process time
proxemics
use of personal physical distance
zones: intimate (0-18”), personal (18”-4’), social (4ft-12ft) and public (12ft+)
acculturation
process where an individual makes sense of a host culture’s value system in relation to his or her own
assimilation model
- related to acculturation
- highly acculturated individuals identify solely with the new culture and adopt values and customs of the other, more dominant group
separation model
- related to acculturation
- individuals refuse to adapt to cultural values outside of their own cultural values
integration model/ biculturalism
- related to acculturation
- individual identifies with their own culture and that of the host culture
marginalization model
- related to acculturation
- individuals reject the culture values and customs of both cultures
worldview
individuals’ conceptualization of their relationship with the world
locus of responsibility
- 1 of 2 intersecting dimensions of worldview
- what system is accountable for things that happen to individuals
locus of control
- 1 of 2 intersecting dimensions of worldview
- degree of control individuals perceive they have over their environment
Kluckhohn & Strodtback (1961) worldview model
- human nature: continuum that humans are basically good, bad, or both good and bad
- relationship to nature: how individuals view the power of nature (harmony with nature, power over nature, or power of nature)
- sense of time: what aspects of time individuals focus upon (past, present, or future)
- activity: how self-expression occurs for individuals (being, bein-in-becoming, and doing)
- social relationships: degree of hierarchy and group focus within a culture (linear-hierarchal, collateral-mutual, and individualistic)
race
describes how groups of people are thought to be identified by physical characteristics, such as a person’s skin color, facial features. hair texture, or eye shape
colorblindness
treating individuals equally by ignoring their racial group, or color of skin, as a component of their identity
color consciousness
the process of how whites, in response to guilt for their role in perpetuating racial discrimination for racial minorities, focus predominately on racial differences
colorism
judgement of worth based on how closely an individual’s skin color approximates that of whites
biracial individuals
those who are biological children of parents from two different racial backgrounds
eugenic movement
method to monitor a person’s inborn characteristics and an attempt to keep the Caucasian race “pure” by directing who could marry or reproduce
multiracial
one who is from multiple racial lineages
ethnicity
person’s identification with a group of people who have a similar social or cultural background
ethnocentrism
concept defining a cultural group’s belief that it is superior in comparison to all other cultures
upper-class socioeconomic status
the wealthy, who have made or inherited large sums of money
middle-class socioeconomic status
able to meet immediate needs plus those that arise in the future. employed in technical or professional occupations
working-class socioeconomic status
live paycheck to paycheck, working to get immediate needs and bills met. often work in service or labor industries and are put under extreme pressure to make ends meet
underclass socioeconomic status
generally have underpaying job or not employed. Struggle greatly to maintain basic needs, such as food, housing healthcare, and access to transportation
