Social & Cultural Diversity

Question 1

Culture

Answer 1

the human experience mediated by biological, psychological, historical, and political events.
- includes behaviors, attitudes, feelings, and cognition related to our identities living within the world.

Question 2

Cultural encapsulation

Answer 2

when the counselor does not understand the client’s worldview or cultural identity and thus fails to integrate this information in practice

Question 3

multicultural counseling

Answer 3

the integration of cultural identities within the counseling process

Question 4

cultural identity

Answer 4

the degree to which individuals identify belonging to subgroups of various cultural groups or categories- that is, how the combinations of various cultural group memberships for the client and counselor interact to affect the counseling relationship and the process and outcome of counseling

Question 5

tripartite model of multicultural counseling

Answer 5

three components: awareness (of values/biases), knowledge (of client’s worldview), and skills (intervention in a culturally appropriate manner)

Question 6

etic perspective

Answer 6

• related to multicultural counseling competence
• viewing clients from a universal perspective. (an individual client’s culture is minimized to focus more on the basic counseling processes)

Question 7

emic perspective

Answer 7

• related to multicultural counseling competence
• using counseling approaches that are specific to a client’s culture (use indigenous healing practices and look for alternative explanations of symptoms based on specific cultural expressions

Question 8

high-context communication

Answer 8

• form of nonverbal communication

- individuals relaying messages by relying heavily on surroundings

Question 9

low-context communication

Answer 9

• form of nonverbal communication

- individuals communicating primarily verbally to express thoughts and feelings

Question 10

paralanguage

Answer 10

verbal cues other than words (volume, tempo, pitch, etc)

Question 11

kinesics

Answer 11

involve postures, body movements, and positions. (could also include facial expressions, eye contact/gazes, and touch)

Question 12

chronemics

Answer 12

how individuals conceptualize and act toward time

• monochromic: linear time
• polychromic: process time

Question 13

proxemics

Answer 13

use of personal physical distance

zones: intimate (0-18”), personal (18”-4’), social (4ft-12ft) and public (12ft+)

Question 14

acculturation

Answer 14

process where an individual makes sense of a host culture’s value system in relation to his or her own

Question 15

assimilation model

Answer 15

• related to acculturation
• highly acculturated individuals identify solely with the new culture and adopt values and customs of the other, more dominant group

Question 16

separation model

Answer 16

• related to acculturation

- individuals refuse to adapt to cultural values outside of their own cultural values

Question 17

integration model/ biculturalism

Answer 17

• related to acculturation

- individual identifies with their own culture and that of the host culture

Question 18

marginalization model

Answer 18

• related to acculturation

- individuals reject the culture values and customs of both cultures

Question 19

worldview

Answer 19

individuals’ conceptualization of their relationship with the world

Question 20

locus of responsibility

Answer 20

• 1 of 2 intersecting dimensions of worldview

- what system is accountable for things that happen to individuals

Question 21

locus of control

Answer 21

• 1 of 2 intersecting dimensions of worldview

- degree of control individuals perceive they have over their environment

Question 22

Kluckhohn & Strodtback (1961) worldview model

Answer 22

1. human nature: continuum that humans are basically good, bad, or both good and bad
2. relationship to nature: how individuals view the power of nature (harmony with nature, power over nature, or power of nature)
3. sense of time: what aspects of time individuals focus upon (past, present, or future)
4. activity: how self-expression occurs for individuals (being, bein-in-becoming, and doing)
5. social relationships: degree of hierarchy and group focus within a culture (linear-hierarchal, collateral-mutual, and individualistic)

Question 23

race

Answer 23

describes how groups of people are thought to be identified by physical characteristics, such as a person’s skin color, facial features. hair texture, or eye shape

Question 24

colorblindness

Answer 24

treating individuals equally by ignoring their racial group, or color of skin, as a component of their identity

Question 25

color consciousness

Answer 25

the process of how whites, in response to guilt for their role in perpetuating racial discrimination for racial minorities, focus predominately on racial differences

Question 26

colorism

Answer 26

judgement of worth based on how closely an individual’s skin color approximates that of whites

Question 27

biracial individuals

Answer 27

those who are biological children of parents from two different racial backgrounds

Question 28

eugenic movement

Answer 28

method to monitor a person’s inborn characteristics and an attempt to keep the Caucasian race “pure” by directing who could marry or reproduce

Question 29

multiracial

Answer 29

one who is from multiple racial lineages

Question 30

ethnicity

Answer 30

person’s identification with a group of people who have a similar social or cultural background

Question 31

ethnocentrism

Answer 31

concept defining a cultural group’s belief that it is superior in comparison to all other cultures

Question 32

upper-class socioeconomic status

Answer 32

the wealthy, who have made or inherited large sums of money

Question 33

middle-class socioeconomic status

Answer 33

able to meet immediate needs plus those that arise in the future. employed in technical or professional occupations

Question 34

working-class socioeconomic status

Answer 34

live paycheck to paycheck, working to get immediate needs and bills met. often work in service or labor industries and are put under extreme pressure to make ends meet

Question 35

underclass socioeconomic status

Answer 35

generally have underpaying job or not employed. Struggle greatly to maintain basic needs, such as food, housing healthcare, and access to transportation