Research & Program Evaluation

Question 1

positivism

Answer 1

• developed in late 17th century
• states that an objective truth exists and can only be understood if directly observable
• truth must be directly measurable
• tied to quantitative research

Question 2

post-positivism

Answer 2

• truth can only be approximated because of inherent errors present when measuring reality

Question 3

constructivism

Answer 3

• aka interpretivism
  there are multiple realities/perspectives for any given phenomenon
• truth differs for individuals and Is an internal manifestation
• tied to qualitative research

Question 4

critical/ideological paradigm

Answer 4

• centers on research taking a proactive role and confronting the social structure and conditions facing oppressed or underprivileged groups
• tied to qualitative research

Question 5

nazi medical war crimes

Answer 5

exploited and deceived prisoners to understand how the human body would react to various conditions

Question 6

Belmont report

Answer 6

all research was held to standards that we would consider ethical today

Question 7

milgram obedience study

Answer 7

• stanley milgram sought to investigate blind obedience and the use of deception without debriefing
• where participants believed they were shocking another person

Question 8

Tuskegee syphilis study

Answer 8

• 1932-1970s
• physicians told 400 African American males with syphilis that they were being treated for “bad blood”
• participant were never told of their diagnosis and when penicillin was discovered as a treatment, the men were not given it
• this study led to the construction of the Belmont Report and hastened the call for informed consent, right to withdraw, and and guideline for use of deception

Question 9

jewish chronic disease hospital study

Answer 9

both healthy and unhealthy patients were injected with live cancer cells so that researchers could better understand the impact of cancer based on health status
- participants did not give informed consent and were not told that they were being injected with cancer cells

Question 10

willowbrook study

Answer 10

• willowbrook, a school for children with mental disabilities, became the setting for researchers interested in studying the effects of hepatitis in a controlled setting.
• parents who wanted to enroll their children signed informed consent that they could inject their children with hepatitis virus
• parents were never informed of their right to decline the injection or were told the long term effects of hepatitis

Question 11

common rule

Answer 11

• in code of federal regulations
• outlines policies that guide researchers who use human subjects
• requires these studies need to be approved by the IRB

Question 12

institutional review board (IRB)

Answer 12

• any institution receiving federal funding that is studying with human subjects need to be approved by IRB
• even if institution is not federally funded, they should still be approved by IRB (most institutions have their own form of IRB that follow similar guidelines)

Question 13

variable

Answer 13

construct that have 2 levels or categories, therefore, can vary

• must be multidimensional
• 3 types (independent, dependent, and extraneous)

Question 14

independent variable

Answer 14

construct that is manipulated or controlled in some way by the professional

Question 15

dependent variable

Answer 15

the outcome variable that is influence by an independent variable

Question 16

extraneous variable

Answer 16

other variables that could affect the dependent variable

Question 17

research question

Answer 17

statement that identifies what a research study hopes to examine
- 3 types (rational, descriptive, causal)

Question 18

null hypothesis

Answer 18

• H0

- a statement that “there is no relationship” between IV and DV

Question 19

alternative hypothesis

Answer 19

• H1

- developed in order to be eliminated and address the question “what else could be causing the results?”

Question 20

Type 1 error

Answer 20

occurs when a decision is made to reject a null hypothesis when that null hypothesis is in fact true

Question 21

Type 2 error

Answer 21

occurs when decision is made to retain the null hypothesis that should have been rejected because the null hypothesis is indeed false