Human Growth & Development Flashcards
aging
a set, predictable process involving growth and change in an organism over time, has been categorized as biological, psychological , and social
biological aging
involves how the body functions and changes overtime
- rely heavily on metabolic changes
- anabolism- the body building to peak potential and
occurs from birth to an age that varies by individual
- catabolism- the body usually slow deterioration
from peak through an individuals death
psychological aging
one’s perception of personal age
social aging
how one’s chronological age is viewed within the societal or cultural context
nature vs nurture
controversial topic from developmental psychology
- refers to the impact on human development of genetics and heredity vs environmental influences
continuous development
emphasizes the small shifts of gradual, sequential, changes that occur over time and that are difficult to separate
discontinuous development
portrays changes in behaviors and abilities as qualitatively different from previous or subsequent behaviors/abilities
- as abilities develop, a person reaches a point where the abilities jump to qualitatively different and more advanced levels
active theories
- example= erikson’s psychosocial developmental theory
- portray people as active in regulating or governing their behavior
reactive theories
- example= skinner’s operant conditioning
- people are passive and react to environmental stimuli and accommodate to changes
case study
collecting data on developmental change from a single individual, or a single group of individuals experiencing a similar developmental phenomenon
naturalistic study
conducted in natural settings, usually through observation or interview
- ties with qualitative research
survey research
can be conducted via interviews or questionnaires and involves sampling a large pool of participants to assess and understand their thoughts, feelings, and perceptions
correlational research design
allows researchers to study the relationship between two variables that exist but not experimentally manipulated
cross-sectional design study
simultaneously examine several groups from differing levels of development
- less expensive and require less time
longitudinal design studies
examine and reexamine the same group of individuals of. specific developmental level as they mature and age , usually over a time frame of at least 10 years
time-lag studies
aka cohort sequential studies
- involve replications of previous studies on a modern day cohort using the same parameters as the previous study
central nervous system
consist of the brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
network of nerves that connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body
myelination
insulation of the neurons to enhance speed of neural transmissions
hindbrain
responsible for life maintenance and survival functions and includes:
- medulla oblongata; regulates the heart and breathing
- cerebellum: regulates balance
- pons: connects left and right cerebellum
- reticular activating systems: regulates arousal and attention
midbrain
connects that hindbrain and forebrain, controls eye muscles, and relays auditory and visual information to the brain’s centers for higher level thinking
forebrain
consists of the cerebral cortex (responsible for higher-order behavior and conscious thought)
- consist of left and right hemisphere, corpus callous, and cerebral cortex
thalamus
relays nerve impulses from sensory pathways to the cerebral cortex
limbic system
emotions and motivation:contain the hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus
autosomal diseases
genetic disorders that involve a chromosome other than the sex chromosome
phenylketonuria
recessively transmitted disorder that involves an inability to neutralize the amino acid phenylalanine
sickle cell anemia
causes an abnormal shaping of red blood cells, leading to oxygen deprivation, pain, tissue damage, anemia, and pneumonia
tay-sachs disease
an inability to metabolize fatty substances in neural tissues, leading to central nervous system degeneration
x-linked diseases
male pattern baldness is the best known
- hemophilia is another example
Turner syndrome (XO)
- sex chromosomal disease
- where all or part of the second X chromosome is missing
- may have underdeveloped ovaries and incomplete sexual development at puberty
klinefelter’s syndrome ( XXY)
- sex chromosomal disease
- extra X chromosome on the sex chromosomal pair
- unusually tall, have higher amounts of body fat, have incomplete sex characteristics at puberty, and sterile
learning
relatively permanent change in behavior or thinking resulting from an individual’s experiences
ivan pavlov
Russian physiologist
- known for classical conditioning (dog)
John b Watson
- father of American behaviorism
- little Albert and the rat
joseph wolpe
-applied classical conditioning procedures to psychotherapy
