Human Growth & Development

Question 1

aging

Answer 1

a set, predictable process involving growth and change in an organism over time, has been categorized as biological, psychological , and social

Question 2

biological aging

Answer 2

involves how the body functions and changes overtime
- rely heavily on metabolic changes
- anabolism- the body building to peak potential and
occurs from birth to an age that varies by individual
- catabolism- the body usually slow deterioration
from peak through an individuals death

Question 3

psychological aging

Answer 3

one’s perception of personal age

Question 4

social aging

Answer 4

how one’s chronological age is viewed within the societal or cultural context

Question 5

nature vs nurture

Answer 5

controversial topic from developmental psychology

- refers to the impact on human development of genetics and heredity vs environmental influences

Question 6

continuous development

Answer 6

emphasizes the small shifts of gradual, sequential, changes that occur over time and that are difficult to separate

Question 7

discontinuous development

Answer 7

portrays changes in behaviors and abilities as qualitatively different from previous or subsequent behaviors/abilities
- as abilities develop, a person reaches a point where the abilities jump to qualitatively different and more advanced levels

Question 8

active theories

Answer 8

• example= erikson’s psychosocial developmental theory

- portray people as active in regulating or governing their behavior

Question 9

reactive theories

Answer 9

• example= skinner’s operant conditioning

- people are passive and react to environmental stimuli and accommodate to changes

Question 10

case study

Answer 10

collecting data on developmental change from a single individual, or a single group of individuals experiencing a similar developmental phenomenon

Question 11

naturalistic study

Answer 11

conducted in natural settings, usually through observation or interview
- ties with qualitative research

Question 12

survey research

Answer 12

can be conducted via interviews or questionnaires and involves sampling a large pool of participants to assess and understand their thoughts, feelings, and perceptions

Question 13

correlational research design

Answer 13

allows researchers to study the relationship between two variables that exist but not experimentally manipulated

Question 14

cross-sectional design study

Answer 14

simultaneously examine several groups from differing levels of development
- less expensive and require less time

Question 15

longitudinal design studies

Answer 15

examine and reexamine the same group of individuals of. specific developmental level as they mature and age , usually over a time frame of at least 10 years

Question 16

time-lag studies

Answer 16

aka cohort sequential studies

- involve replications of previous studies on a modern day cohort using the same parameters as the previous study

Question 17

central nervous system

Answer 17

consist of the brain and spinal cord

Question 18

peripheral nervous system

Answer 18

network of nerves that connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body

Question 19

myelination

Answer 19

insulation of the neurons to enhance speed of neural transmissions

Question 20

hindbrain

Answer 20

responsible for life maintenance and survival functions and includes:

• medulla oblongata; regulates the heart and breathing
• cerebellum: regulates balance
• pons: connects left and right cerebellum
• reticular activating systems: regulates arousal and attention

Question 21

midbrain

Answer 21

connects that hindbrain and forebrain, controls eye muscles, and relays auditory and visual information to the brain’s centers for higher level thinking

Question 22

forebrain

Answer 22

consists of the cerebral cortex (responsible for higher-order behavior and conscious thought)
- consist of left and right hemisphere, corpus callous, and cerebral cortex

Question 23

thalamus

Answer 23

relays nerve impulses from sensory pathways to the cerebral cortex

Question 24

limbic system

Answer 24

emotions and motivation:contain the hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus

Question 25

autosomal diseases

Answer 25

genetic disorders that involve a chromosome other than the sex chromosome

Question 26

phenylketonuria

Answer 26

recessively transmitted disorder that involves an inability to neutralize the amino acid phenylalanine

Question 27

sickle cell anemia

Answer 27

causes an abnormal shaping of red blood cells, leading to oxygen deprivation, pain, tissue damage, anemia, and pneumonia

Question 28

tay-sachs disease

Answer 28

an inability to metabolize fatty substances in neural tissues, leading to central nervous system degeneration

Question 29

x-linked diseases

Answer 29

male pattern baldness is the best known

- hemophilia is another example

Question 30

Turner syndrome (XO)

Answer 30

• sex chromosomal disease
• where all or part of the second X chromosome is missing
• may have underdeveloped ovaries and incomplete sexual development at puberty

Question 31

klinefelter’s syndrome ( XXY)

Answer 31

• sex chromosomal disease
• extra X chromosome on the sex chromosomal pair
• unusually tall, have higher amounts of body fat, have incomplete sex characteristics at puberty, and sterile

Question 32

learning

Answer 32

relatively permanent change in behavior or thinking resulting from an individual’s experiences

Question 33

ivan pavlov

Answer 33

Russian physiologist

- known for classical conditioning (dog)

Question 34

John b Watson

Answer 34

• father of American behaviorism

- little Albert and the rat

Question 35

joseph wolpe

Answer 35

-applied classical conditioning procedures to psychotherapy