Professional Orientation & Ethical Practice

Question 1

Historical Events (Late 1800s)

Answer 1

Vocational guidance counseling emerges as a result of the Industrial Revolution and social reform movements

Question 2

Historical Events (Early 1900s)

Answer 2

Frank Parsons (father of vocational guidance) opens the Bureau of Vocational Guidance in Boston
- Helps match people with suitable careers based on their skills and personal traits

Question 3

Historical Events (1908-1913)

Answer 3

1908: Frank Parsons dies, but his book “Choosing a Vocation” is published
1913: The National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA) is founded.
1913: Clifford Beers (leader of the mental health movement- advocated for the construction of mental health clinics and more humane treatment of institutionalized patients with psychological disorders) founds the Clifford Beers Clinic in New Haven, Connecticut
- Considered the first out patient mental health clinic in
America

Question 4

Historical Events (1930s)

Answer 4

30s: E.G. Williamson creates the Minnesota Point of View (a trait factor theory considered to be one of the first counseling theories).
1932: The Wagner O’Day Act is passed (which creates U.S. Employment Services to aid the unemployed in finding work through vocational guidance)

Question 5

Historical Events (1940s and 1950s)

Answer 5

• Carl Rogers humanistic approach to psychology gains widespread support in the counseling profession
• Soldiers return home from ww2 and increase the need for counseling, readjustment, and rehabilitation services
• increased numbers of counselors begin working full time at postsecondary educational institutions, community agencies, and vocational rehabilitation centers
• More associations sprout to help new counseling specializations form a unified and professional identity

Question 6

Historical Events (1952)

Answer 6

• to gain a larger voice in the counseling field, the American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA, now ACA) is formed as a union among the National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA, now NCDA).
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• The American School Counselor Association (ASCA) is formed and becomes a division of APGA

Question 7

Historical Events (1958)

Answer 7

• Congress passed the National Defense Education Act (NDEA) in response to the launch of the Sputnik satelite in 1957. The NDEA provides schools with increased funds to improve their curriculum and hire school counselors to pick out students showing promise in math and science.
• The American Rehabilitation Counseling Association (ARCA), a division of APGA, is chartered

Question 8

Historical Events (1960s)

Answer 8

1961: APGA publishes its first Code of Ethics
1963: President Johnson signs into law the Community Mental Health Act (allots money for the creation of mental health centers
1965: The Association for Measurement and Evalutaion in Guidance (AMEG)- currently known as AARC, is chartered as a division of APGA
1966: The National Employment Counseling Association (NECA), a division of APGA, is chartered

Question 9

Historical Events (1970s)

Answer 9

70s: legislation for people with disabilities emerges, leading to a heightened demand for rehabilitation counselors and school counselors
- individuals in the counseling field publish books and articles that increase the counseling profession’s interest in multicultural issues
1972: Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development (AMCD), a division of APGA, is founded
1973: The Association for Specialists in Group Work (ASGW), a division of APGA, is founded.
1974:
1975
1976
1978

Question 10

Historical Events (1980s)

Answer 10

1981:

Question 11

Ethics vs. Law

Answer 11

Ethics: are developed by associations to help members practice in the reputable manner
Law: included in the penal code and often carry more serious consequences

Question 12

Family Educational Rights Privacy Act (FERPA)

Answer 12

• Enacted in 1974, aka the Buckley Amendment
• created to specify the rights of parents (if child is a minor) and nonminor students to access and examine the educational record, petition to have incorrect information found in the record amended, and ensure that certain info is not released outside agencies without permission

Question 13

Educational record

Answer 13

any document or information kept by the school relating to a student, such as attendance, achievement, behavior, activities, and assessment

Question 14

Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA)

Answer 14

a civil rights law passed to guarantee that students with disabilities receive the services they need to gain the benefits of education

• for children below the age of 21
• need a documented disability
• need an individualized education plan