social control conformity and resistance Flashcards
according to structuralists what is the role of structure and agency in shaping relationships between individuals and societies
consensus theories claim since structure was designed around common consensus, structure shapes individual
conflict theories say conflict and potential conflict shape individuals
what is interactionism also called
social action theory
according to interactionists what is the role of structure and agency in shaping relationships between individuals and societies
people are not pawns of structural forces, agency shapes behaviour, society is the net sum of all interactions , consequently culture and identity and social constructs that are product of people voluntarily choosing to associate with it
socialisation
refers to the process by which people learn the skills knowledge, values, and roles of the group they belong to
social control
control used to regulate and reinforce ideal behaviour
formal social control
laws, hard sanctions, repressive, government
what do marxists think of control by consent
its an ideological device to control the proletariat and falsely convince them its fair
religion formal or informal control
both sharia for example
examples of informal social control include
family
peers- peer pressure to conform to subculture, positive sanctions like respect, negative like gossip
media-tv newspaper, reinforce certain ideals that emphasise certain behaviour as deviant and ideal
is education formal or informal social control
formal- compulsory by gov in most countries, detention, suspension
informal- teachers have positive sanctions like praise, scolding negative sanctions
is workplace formal or informal social contorol
formal - gov allows firing demotion in frequen t absenteism
informal - positive sanctions like bonus
consensual policing
citizens accept the need for policing and cooperate, it benefits them as they recieve protection
marxists called it an ideological device
social exchange
members of society engage in cost benefit analysis
weigh up benefits of conformity against cost of rejecting it
social capital
social bonds and relationships that have productive benefits, accumulating connections produces resources and opportunities
bonding social capital
members sign up for communities that provide people opportunities to interact
bridging social capital
relationships being established between people very different in terms of social characteristics and interests
in what kind of social communities does social exchange work best in
collectivist value systems
what is mechanical solidarity
sense of togetherness that arises when people perform similar work share similar experiences and values
found in pre industrial societies more
who coined mechanical solidarity
durkheim
what kind of societies are characterised by moral certainty
collectivist societies as values and norms are rarely challenged, individuals are expected to submit to collectivist interests and that individualistic behaviour is deviant
what is organic solidarity
the solidarity in modern society to due to interdependence of individuals on each other for services, different than mechanical which is based on values
what kind of societies are characterised by anomie
modern societies that is impersonal, promotes individualism and can challenge traditional norms
what is anomie
a situation where people are unable to predict the behaviour of others because norms and values are not being followed. a place of moral uncertainty
who claimed that criminals were born with certain physical features that distinguished them from law abiding citizens, how was this argument continued
cesare lombroso in the 19th century
psychologists later suggested genetic traits, weak personality lack of intelligence
how do marxists view crime
as a product of society, interaction of socio economic inequalities, interaction between relatively powerless groups and agents of social control
