SOCIAL CONTEXT Flashcards
What were the three topics discussed to paint the social picture of the 19th century Philippines?
- Education
- The rise of Chinese Mestizo
- The rise of the inquilinos
How was education introduced in the 19th century Philippines?
The European system of education was fairly introduced with the coming of Spanish colonizers.
Who established and ran the schools in the 19th century Philippines?
The schools were established and run by the Catholic missionaries.
What was the primary aim of the colonial government and the Catholic Church regarding education in the Philippines?
To convert the natives to the Catholic faith and make them obedient
Religion was made a compulsory subject at all levels.
What did King Philip II’s Leyes de Indias mandate regarding education for locals?
To educate locals, teach them how to read and write, and learn Spanish
The Spanish missionaries established schools but did not seriously teach Spanish.
What was the first type of formal schools established in the Philippines?
Parochial schools opened by missionaries
These schools were run by Augustinians, Franciscans, Jesuits, and Dominicans.
Which subjects were taught to native children in parochial schools?
- Religion
- Reading
- Writing
- Arithmetic
- Vocational and practical arts
- Latin
Latin was taught instead of Spanish.
How were students disciplined in parochial schools?
Strict discipline, including corporal punishment
This was believed to help the natives learn quickly.
What type of education was introduced in the early 17th century in the Philippines?
University education
Initially open only to Spaniards and mestizos, later opened to natives in the 19th century.
What was the significant change in education that occurred in 1863?
Establishment of a public school system
Education was formerly run by religious authorities.
What social class emerged as a result of the growing number of educated natives?
Ilustrados
They aimed to achieve social equality with Spaniards.
What event made travel to Europe easier and influenced Filipino education?
The opening of the Suez Canal
This allowed many locals to pursue higher education in Europe.
Who was the most prominent figure among the Ilustrados?
Jose Rizal
He inspired the craving for freedom and independence through his novels.
What economic changes in the 19th century affected the Philippines?
- Abolition of the Manila-Acapulco Galleon monopoly
- Increase in demand for Philippine sugar and abaca
- Opening of trade due to the Suez Canal
These changes led to the rise of a new class of economic elites.
What is the meaning of ‘inquilino’ in the context of 19th-century Philippines?
Tenant or a qualified system of tenancy
It refers to the right to use land in exchange for rent.
What happened to the management of estates after the galleon trade ended?
Management was often given to administrators, typically lay Spanish mestizos or Filipino lay brothers
This was due to absentee landlordism by friars and secular Spanish.
What were common causes of conflict between villages and estates?
- Disputes over communal woodcutting and grazing areas
- Denial of traditional communal privileges
- Land border conflicts
These conflicts often led to agrarian uprisings.
What was the hacienda structure in the Philippines composed of?
- Estate owner
- Leascholder (inquilino)
- Tenant-sharecropper
Each layer had different roles and responsibilities.
True or False: The inquilino system allowed for sub-leasing of land.
True
Many inquilinos were able to sub-lease parcels of land to sharecroppers.
What did the inquilinos pay annually during harvest time?
A fixed rent determined by the size and quality of the land
They also separated seed and divided the remaining crop.
What were some reasons for peasant uprisings in the 19th century?
- Excessive taxes and land rent
- Decline of sharing agreements
- Extreme demands for labor services
- Capricious fixing of crop prices
These grievances often led to protests against estate owners.
