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Criminology Unit 2 > Social Construction Of Criminality > Flashcards

Social Construction Of Criminality Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the difference between crime and deviance?

A

Crime is an act that has broken the law where as a deviant act is an act that is deemed “socially unacceptable” or a violation of society’s norms and values

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2
Q

Define “values” and provide an example

A

Values are general guidelines or principles for how we should live our lives. They tell us what is right/wrong, important/not important and good/bad. They are commonly shared by a community, i.e. religion

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3
Q

Define “norms” and provide an example

A

Norms are specific rules or socially accepted standards that guide our behaviour in particular situations, i.e. going to work

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4
Q

Define “moral codes” and provide an example

A

A set of rules or guidelines that a person or group of people follow in order to live a good and moral life, e.g. ‘treating people how you want to be treated’

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5
Q

Define “deviance”

A

Deviance is any behaviour that differs from what is considered “normal” in society. Deviant behaviour is behaviour that deviates from the norms and values of society

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6
Q

Name the three types of deviant behaviour

A

Admired behaviour, odd behaviour, bad behaviour

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7
Q

Define “admired behaviour”

A

Behaviour that violates social norms but would be considered admirable or a positive act

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8
Q

Define “odd behaviour”

A

Behaviour that also violates social norms however it is not necessarily immoral or admirable (essentially its not harming anyone)

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9
Q

Define “bad behaviour”

A

Behaviour that is mostly criminal as it breaks the law and puts someone in potential harm

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10
Q

Example of admired behaviour

A

Risking your own life to save someone else’s

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11
Q

Example of odd behaviour

A

Owning 50 cats

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12
Q

Example of bad behaviour

A

Beating someone up

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13
Q

Define “crime”

A

Any action or behaviour that is forbidden by the criminal law, and for which you can be punished by the legal system

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14
Q

Define “actus reus”

A

The guilty act (the physical act that causes harm to another person). Literally translated it means “actions crime”

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15
Q

Define “mens rea”

A

The intent (the guilty mind with the intention to commit the act). Literally translated it means “guilty mind”

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16
Q

Name the 6 types of criminal acts

A

Fatal offences against the person, non-fatal offences against the person, offences against property, sexual offences, public order offences, drug offences

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17
Q

Example of a public order offence

A

Affray (a fight between two people in public)

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18
Q

Example of a non-fatal offence against the person

A

GBH

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19
Q

Example of an offence against property

A

Burglary

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20
Q

Define “sanctions”

A

A sanction is a form of social pressure that either punishes people for committing or deters people from committing negative behaviour

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21
Q

What’s the difference between formal and informal sanctions

A

Formal sanctions are imposed by official bodies such as police, courts etc… and are punishments for breaking official laws where as informal sanctions are used when rules are not formally written down/”unspoken”

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22
Q

What acts would a formal sanction be used in and what acts would an informal sanction be used in?

A

Formal: Both criminal and deviant
Informal: Deviant

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23
Q

Give an example of a sanction for deviance

A

Laughing at someone’s odd behaviour

24
Q

Give an example of a sanction for crime

A

Prison sentence

25
Q

Name all court sanctions

A

Custodial sentence (prison), community sentence, fine and discharge

26
Q

Define “discharge”

A

A conditional sentence (if offender reoffends in a set period they will be arrested)

27
Q

What does a community sentence involve?

A

Curfews, anger management, community service, drug testing etc…

28
Q

Name all non-court sanctions

A

Penalty notice, caution and conditional caution

29
Q

What is meant by a conditional caution?

A

Offender has to agree to certain conditions and e.g. having treatment for drug abuse, repairing damage done to property and if the offender violates these conditions they can be charged with the crime

30
Q

What is meant by a penalty notice?

A

The offender signs a penalty notice and agrees to pay the amount stated (a bit like a fine but is dealt with out of court) (similar to a fine)

31
Q

Provide a description and one example for criminal behaviour only

A

A form of deviance that involves serious, harmful acts that are wrong against society, e.g. speeding

32
Q

Provide a description and one example for deviant behaviour only

A

Deviance is any behaviour that differs from normal behaviour but does not harm anyone or go against any formal laws, e.g. rudeness

33
Q

Provide a description and one example for criminal and deviant behaviour

A

Behaviour that is both criminal and causes harm to society and one that is not considered the social norms, e.g. murder

34
Q

Why does crime differ between cultures?

A

Different cultures/societies have different beliefs about what is acceptable/unacceptable. This can be due to religion, public opinion, sexism/views of women etc…

35
Q

How do social definitions of crime change around the world?

A

They move with time, public opinions, traditions and different norms, for example as things become more common, they become more normal

36
Q

What is meant by the social definition of crime?

A

Crime is defined differently depending on where you are in the world, or the society that we live in today

37
Q

What does it mean if something is socially constructed?

A

Something that has been made or defined by society, rather than simply occurring naturally

38
Q

Define “the social construction of crime”

A

The idea that crime is a product of the situation in which it takes place (crime is dictated by what is seen as acceptable/unacceptable at any given time/place/country. Crimes can vary according to the time, place, culture and the circumstances in which they occur. What is considered criminal, is only defined by what society decides/agrees is criminal

39
Q

State the punishment for murder in Saudi Arabia vs France

A

Death penalty vs life sentence

40
Q

Define “double jeopardy law”

A

It used to be that a person could not be tried again for the same offence

41
Q

Which law changed the double jeopardy law?

A

The Criminal Justice Act 2003

42
Q

Why did Ann Ming campaign to change the double jeopardy law?

A

Her daughter Julie Hog was murdered by Billy Dunlop, the jury failed to reach a verdict and so he was acquitted. He later confessed but could not be re-trialed due to double jeopardy. He was eventually convicted in 2006

43
Q

What year was the death penalty abolished for murder in the UK?

A

1965

44
Q

Which crime could you still be given the death penalty for after 1965?

A

Treason

45
Q

What year was the death penalty completely abolished in the UK?

A

1998

46
Q

Outline the Ruth Ellis case

A
  • Last women to be hanged in the UK
  • 13th July 1955
  • Escort and prostitute who shot her lover in the back twice and continued to shoot when he was bleeding yo death.
  • Two day trial, 25 mins to come to a guilty verdict.
  • Pleaded guilty all the way through the trial
47
Q

Age of criminal responsibility in England and Wales

A

10 years old

48
Q

Age of criminal responsibility in Scotland

A

12 years old

49
Q

Age of criminal responsibility in China

A

16 years old

50
Q

Age of criminal responsibility in Canada

A

12 years old

51
Q

Age of criminal responsibility in Bangladesh

A

9 years old

52
Q

Murder can be reduced to manslaughter in two circumstances. What are they?

A

Loss of control, diminished responsibility (i.e. mental illness)

53
Q

Outline the Marine A. Blackman case

A
  • British marine Alexander Blackman shot an injured Taliban fighter and was given a murder charge
  • Reduced to man slaughter because he had PTSD (mental illness) from fighting against the Taliban
54
Q

Give an example of something that is not a crime in the UK but is in another culture/country

A

Homosexuality- illegal in Saudi Arabia, punishable by death penalty. Homosexuality- illegal in Saudi Arabia, punishable by death penalty

55
Q

Why is it necessary to change laws over time?

A

Because society evolves over time so our laws need to adapt to change to what are our new social norms

Criminology Unit 2 (10 decks)

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