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Criminology Unit 2 > 4.1 Individualistic > Flashcards

4.1 Individualistic Flashcards

1
Q

What two polices have been informed by learning theories ?

A

Token Economy and Conjugal Visits

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2
Q

What do learning theories focus on ?

A

The role of rewards, punishments and role models in relation to why crime might occur

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3
Q

What did B.F. Skinner suggest about behaviours ?

A

Behaviours can be learnt, but could also then be influenced through the theory of Operant Conditioning

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4
Q

What are the three types of reinforcement introduced by Operant Conditioning ?

A

Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement and Punishment

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5
Q

What is Positive Reinforcement?

A

The act of being rewarded/encouraged for an action

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6
Q

What is Negative Reinforcement?

A

The act of having a negative outcome or unpleasant event occur due to your action

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7
Q

How did Operant Conditioning inform policy development?

A

It allowed for the creation of the Token Economy System within Prisons

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8
Q

What is Token Economy also known as?

A

The Incentives and Earned Privileges Scheme

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9
Q

What is Token Economy?

A

A behaviour modification policy that focuses on the Positive Reinforcement of Prisoners with Tokens for admired behaviour

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10
Q

What can tokens be exchanged for?

A

Luxuries

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11
Q

What happens if an inmate shows delinquent or bad behaviours? What is this?

A

They can be taken off of the system, and stripped of any tokens and luxuries (Negative Reinforcement)

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12
Q

What was Token Economy influenced by?

A

Operant Conditioning

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13
Q

What policy did Operant Conditioning also help inform?

A

Conjugal Visits

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14
Q

What is a Conjugal Visit?

A

A scheduled period in which a prison inmate is permitted to spend several hours (or days) in private with a visitor, commonly their legal spouse

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15
Q

Conjugal visits are not permitted within the UK. Where are they?

A

Countries such as the USA

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16
Q

How do Conjugal Visits link to Operant Coniditioning?

A

They are only given to those who display the admirable and good behaviours, whilst others may not get the privilege of such a visit due to their behaviours

17
Q

What does Freud’s Theory of Consciousness suggest?

A

There are three main sections of the mind, the Conscious, the Preconscious and the Unconscious

18
Q

What is the Conscious?

A

Everything we are aware of

19
Q

What is the Preconscious?

A

The memory

20
Q

What is the Unconscious?

A

The location of unacceptable/unpleasant feelings, urges and behaviours

21
Q

What did Freud say about Criminal Behaviour?

A

It was a product of unconscious desires and repressed memories that can manifest into outbursts of criminal behaviour

22
Q

What policy did Freud’s Theory of Consciousness influence?

A

Psychoanalysis

23
Q

Who introduced Psychoanalysis?

A

Sigmund Freud, as a response to his theory

24
Q

What is Psychoanalysis?

A

A form of therapy that is designed to make the unconscious conscious, allowing for a person to understand the origins of any emotional ‘hurt’/problems

25
Q

What is the goal of Psychoanalysis?

A

To lead a healthier, more adaptive life, by being more aware of what motivates you in the first place

26
Q

What two main approaches were used in Psychoanalysis?

A

Dream Therapy and Free Association

27
Q

What is Free Association?

A

When a Therapist would sit out of view from a client, as they lie on a couch and are encouraged to say whatever comes to mind without a censor

28
Q

What is Dream Analysis?

A

The study and interpretation of a clients dream

29
Q

What did Freud suggest about Dreams?

A

They are the ‘royal road to the unconscious’

30
Q

What did Freud mean when he said that Dreams were the ‘royal road to the unconscious’

A

Dreams can tell us about the fears and desires that our conscious mind cannot deal with

Criminology Unit 2 (10 decks)

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