4.1 Individualistic Flashcards
What two polices have been informed by learning theories ?
Token Economy and Conjugal Visits
What do learning theories focus on ?
The role of rewards, punishments and role models in relation to why crime might occur
What did B.F. Skinner suggest about behaviours ?
Behaviours can be learnt, but could also then be influenced through the theory of Operant Conditioning
What are the three types of reinforcement introduced by Operant Conditioning ?
Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement and Punishment
What is Positive Reinforcement?
The act of being rewarded/encouraged for an action
What is Negative Reinforcement?
The act of having a negative outcome or unpleasant event occur due to your action
How did Operant Conditioning inform policy development?
It allowed for the creation of the Token Economy System within Prisons
What is Token Economy also known as?
The Incentives and Earned Privileges Scheme
What is Token Economy?
A behaviour modification policy that focuses on the Positive Reinforcement of Prisoners with Tokens for admired behaviour
What can tokens be exchanged for?
Luxuries
What happens if an inmate shows delinquent or bad behaviours? What is this?
They can be taken off of the system, and stripped of any tokens and luxuries (Negative Reinforcement)
What was Token Economy influenced by?
Operant Conditioning
What policy did Operant Conditioning also help inform?
Conjugal Visits
What is a Conjugal Visit?
A scheduled period in which a prison inmate is permitted to spend several hours (or days) in private with a visitor, commonly their legal spouse
Conjugal visits are not permitted within the UK. Where are they?
Countries such as the USA
How do Conjugal Visits link to Operant Coniditioning?
They are only given to those who display the admirable and good behaviours, whilst others may not get the privilege of such a visit due to their behaviours
What does Freud’s Theory of Consciousness suggest?
There are three main sections of the mind, the Conscious, the Preconscious and the Unconscious
What is the Conscious?
Everything we are aware of
What is the Preconscious?
The memory
What is the Unconscious?
The location of unacceptable/unpleasant feelings, urges and behaviours
What did Freud say about Criminal Behaviour?
It was a product of unconscious desires and repressed memories that can manifest into outbursts of criminal behaviour
What policy did Freud’s Theory of Consciousness influence?
Psychoanalysis
Who introduced Psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud, as a response to his theory
What is Psychoanalysis?
A form of therapy that is designed to make the unconscious conscious, allowing for a person to understand the origins of any emotional ‘hurt’/problems
What is the goal of Psychoanalysis?
To lead a healthier, more adaptive life, by being more aware of what motivates you in the first place
What two main approaches were used in Psychoanalysis?
Dream Therapy and Free Association
What is Free Association?
When a Therapist would sit out of view from a client, as they lie on a couch and are encouraged to say whatever comes to mind without a censor
What is Dream Analysis?
The study and interpretation of a clients dream
What did Freud suggest about Dreams?
They are the ‘royal road to the unconscious’
What did Freud mean when he said that Dreams were the ‘royal road to the unconscious’
Dreams can tell us about the fears and desires that our conscious mind cannot deal with
