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criminology unit 2 > Social Construction > Flashcards

Social Construction Flashcards

1
Q

Define the term social construction

A

something that has been made or defined by society, rather than simply occurring naturally

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2
Q

Define Polygamy

A

Polygamy is the practice of having more than one wife or one husband at the same time

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3
Q

Define Polygyny

A

Polygyny - where a man may take two or more wives

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4
Q

Define Polyandry

A

Where a women may take two or more husbands

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5
Q

How many countries is polygyny legal in

A

58 countries

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6
Q

Where is Polyandry confined to be legal?

A

Handful of societies, mainly in the himalayas

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7
Q

In what societies is polygamy mainly legal in?

A

Mainly in Muslim-majority countries

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8
Q

In what 5 multi-cultural countries is Polygamous marriages allowed?

A

India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Sri Lanka

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9
Q

In what 2 Muslim countries is polygamy a crime?

A

Turkey and Tunisia

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10
Q

What are the restrictions on polygamy in the UK

A

In the UK, anyone who goes through a marriage ceremony whilst married to someone else, is committing the crime of Bigamy

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11
Q

What is the outcome of committing bigamy?

A

Punishable by up to 7 years imprisonment, a fine or both

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12
Q

How many wives does the Qur’an permit muslim men to have

A

4 wives

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13
Q

Until what year in the US, did the Mormon Church practice polygamy

A

1980, yet it is still practiced by some Mormon splinter groups

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14
Q

Where was polygamy traditionally practiced

A

In some African countries, although it has declined in recent decades

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15
Q

Define Adultery

A

involves a sexual act between 2 people, one or both of whom is married to another person

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16
Q

What religion majority countries criminalise adultery?

A

Muslim-majority

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17
Q

Where is adultery a crime?

A

In several Christian-countries in Africa, the Philippines, Taiwan and 21 US states

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18
Q

What punishments can you expect from committing adultery

A

Stoning to death, caning (occurs in Malaysia and Indonesia) to a fine (Rhode Island, US)

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19
Q

What year did adultery cease to be a crime in India

A

2018

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20
Q

Where is adultery a crime

A

the UK and India, since 2018

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21
Q

between what religions is not committing adultery one of the ten commandments

A

Judaism, Muslim and Christianity

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22
Q

where has adultery mostly been seen as a crime

A

Where law making has been strongly influenced by religion

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23
Q

Define homosexuality

A

sexual acts between members of the same sex are treated as crimes in a number of countries

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24
Q

How many countries is male homosexuality seen as a crime?

A

72 countries

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25
Q

In how many countries is women homosexuality seen as a crime

A

45 countries

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26
Q

In how many countries can homosexuality conviction lead to the death penalty?

A

6 countries

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27
Q

What country is homosexuality not seen as a crime, but the law bans ‘promotion’

A

Russia

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28
Q

In many countries which do not criminalise homosexuality, what do they do instead?

A

They do not allow same sex couples to marry or adopt

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29
Q

What countries is homosexuality legal?

A

In the UK, Europe, North and South America

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30
Q

In what Muslim state is homosexuality legal

A

Indonesia, which is the worlds largest Muslim-populated country

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31
Q

In what religions is homosexuality condemned

A

Christianity, Islam, Judaism

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32
Q

Why are some countries more likely to have homosexuality a crime?

A

Where there is a strong influence of religion over law-making

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33
Q

What did polls done by the Pew Research Centre disover?

A

higher levels of support for bans on homosexuality

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34
Q

Why is male homosexuality more a crime in many countries than female homosexuality?

A

due to sexist assumptions made by law makers that women were incapable of same sex attraction

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35
Q

is personal use, growing, Importing or supplying usually seen as more lenient of carrying cannabis

A

Personal use is because usually smaller amounts

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36
Q

What are the punishments in the UK for if you are caught possessing cannabis

A

Possession - up to 5 years imprisonment

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37
Q

What is the punishment in the UK if you are caught supplying cannabis

A

up to 14 years imprisonment

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38
Q

How are sentences for possession typically handed out

A

often will be a fine or discharge

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39
Q

What uses is cannabis legalised for in some countries?

A

possession for legalised recreational use or medical use

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40
Q

What countries have legalised the sale of cannabis

A

Canada and Uruguay

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41
Q

In societies with a greater emphasis on individual freedoms, what are the views on drug use

A

seen as victimless or as an individual’s right to do as they wish with their body

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42
Q

What do some societies lawmakers think the best way to stop drug use is?

A

criminal penalties even for possession of cannabis, which they see as the start of addiction to hard drugs such as heroin

43
Q

What year was homosexual acts in the UK made a crime?

A

1885, with a maximum sentence of life imprisonment

44
Q

What year was homosexual acts between males aged 21 or over legalised in the UK

A

England and Wales - 1967
Scotland - 1980
Northern Ireland - 1982

45
Q

what homosexual act was legalised in 1994?

A

the age of consent lowered to 18

46
Q

What year was heterosexuals at 16 made legal

A

2000

47
Q

In what country and year did the British Empire make homosexuality a crime

A

India - 1861

48
Q

In what year did India’s supreme court rule homosexuality no longer an offence?

A

2018

49
Q

After what major incident in the world was there an increase in gay men prosecutions?

A

the second world war

50
Q

by 1954, how many gay men were in prison

A

1000

51
Q

Who did the government set up a committee under to consider reform of the law?

A

Sir John Wolfenden

52
Q

Who did Sir John Wolfenden’s committee gather evidence on?

A

The police, Psychiatrists, religious leaders and gay men

53
Q

In 1967, what did Sir John Wolfenden’s committee recommend

A

that homosexual acts in private between consenting adults over 21 to be legalised

54
Q

what did the Homosexual Law Reform Society campaign for

A

change in the law that legalised gay sex in 1967

55
Q

What did the Stonewall and the Campaign for homosexual equality eventually lead to?

A

equalising the age of consent to 16

56
Q

what politician supported the campaign for change?

A

Roy jenkins

57
Q

Roy Jenkins, as home secretary, introduced necessary legislation in what year

A

1967

58
Q

what did the 2010 equality act introduce?

A

outlaws discrimination of grounds of sexual orientation

59
Q

Why did India’s supreme court rule that homosexuality should no longer be a crime?

A

they concluded that the state had no right to control citizens’ private lives

60
Q

In what year in Portugal was possession of drugs law changed from a crime to a civil offence?

A

2001

61
Q

What was the maximum quantity that someone had to have on them to be classed as possession in Portugal?

A

if the quantity involved was less than a 10 day supply, this included both hard and soft drugs

62
Q

from what years had Portugal been ruled by a right-wing dictatorship

A

1930s until 1975

63
Q

What did the right wing dictatorship class Portugal as

A

a closed and strictly regulated society

64
Q

What things were banned/you needed a licence for in Portugal during the dictatorship

A

Coca cola was banned and you needed a licence for a cigarette lighter

65
Q

In what year did the Portuguese revolution

A

1975

66
Q

After the Portuguese revolution was happened?

A

An influx in drug led to Portugal having the highest rates of heroin addictions in Europe as well as soaring HIV/AIDs infections

67
Q

What was the thinking behind decriminalising drug use in portugal

A

drug use should be regarded as a public health issue aimed at harm reduction rather than an issue for the criminal justice system

67
Q

What was the thinking behind decriminalising drug use in portugal

A

drug use should be regarded as a public health issue aimed at harm reduction rather than an issue for the criminal justice system

68
Q

Since the decriminalising of drugs in Portugal, what has happened

A

drug use has sharply fallen, HIV infections are almost non-existent and deaths from drugs are now the lowest in Europe

69
Q

What is the difference in deaths from drugs between Portugal and the UK

A

Portugal - 4 per million of the population

UK - 44 per million

70
Q

What did Michael Ryan do

A

shot and killed 16 people in Hungerford, Berkshire

71
Q

What year did Michael Ryan commit the murders

A

1987

72
Q

What did Thomas Hamilton do

A

shot 16 children and one teacher at Dunblane primary school near Stirling, Scotland

73
Q

What were the weapons that Thomas Hamilton and Michael Ryan used

A

Several semi-automatics capable of rapidly firing multiple rounds, were legally held

74
Q

What year was the law in the UK tightened against gun control

A

1997 following a government enquiry led by a senior former judge, Lord Cullen

75
Q

What did John Major’s conservative government introduce relating to gun laws

A

an act banning all handguns except .22 single shot weapons

76
Q

After labours victory in the general election, what did Tony Blair’s government introduce

A

a second firearms act banning the remaining handguns aswell

77
Q

What weapons are still allowed in the UK

A

Historic or sporting weapons

78
Q

Who was the Gun Control Network set up by?

A

lawyers, academics and parents of the victims to campaign for tighter gun control laws

79
Q

Who was involved in the Snow Drop campaign?

A

Started by grieving Dunblane parents and their friends, organised a petition and collection 750,000 signatures calling for a change in the law

80
Q

what was the minimum age in the 19th century that children were used in cotton mills, coalmines and other industries

A

children as young as six

81
Q

what year was a basic education for all introduced

A

1880, also kept children out of factories

82
Q

what did the 2004 children act do

A

Made the child’s welfare the fundamental principle underpinning the work of agencies such as social service

83
Q

what does the United Nations Convention on the rights of children (1989) do

A

Enforced basic rights such as entitlement to healthcare and education, protection from abuse and the right to participate in decisions that affect them, such as custody cases

84
Q

What were the consequences for capital punsihment

A

Execution by hanging, not just for murder but for less serious crimes as well

85
Q

What was the 1723 black act

A

made over 50 offences of theft and poaching into capital crimes

86
Q

What were the consequences of corporal punishment

A

Included Fogging, Birching (caning), branding with hot irons and being put in the stocks

87
Q

In what year was capital punishment abolished in Britian

A

1965

88
Q

in what year was flogging abolished in the armed forces

A

1881

89
Q

What year was all corporal punishment of offenders abolished

A

1967

90
Q

What does Norbert Elias argue about how the physical punishment law has changed over time

A

society bas undergone a ‘civilising process’ over the last 500 years

91
Q

What were those convicted of relatively minor offences during the 2011 riots more likely to be sentenced

A

more likely to receive custodial sentences rather than similar cases committed under normal conditions

92
Q

What did Chambliss study?

A

2 groups of youths, the middle-class and the working class

93
Q

What did Chambliss find out

A

while both groups committed offences, the police enforced the law more strictly against the Roughnecks

94
Q

Who does Chambliss’s research support?

A

Cicourel

95
Q

What did Cicourel argue

A

police officers hold typifications - ideas about what a typical criminal is about

96
Q

What did Briar and Pilivin find

A

They found that ‘situational factors’ play a large part in police officers’ decisions to stop or arrest a person

97
Q

What did piliavin and Briars argument include about the polices judgement

A

Individuals class, ethnicity, age, attitude towards the officer, and place and time of day or night.

98
Q

What is meant by the age of criminal responsability

A

the age at which a child is deemed to not understand the full menaing of the act they have committed and so cannot be held responsible

99
Q

What is the age of criminal responsibility in the UK?

A

England, Wales and Northern Ireland - 10

Scotland - 12

100
Q

What is the act where an individual can plead not guilty even if they have killed someone?

A

The homicide act 1957

101
Q

What is the official term for if an individual is ‘mentally ill’ so they don’s understand their actions

A

Diminished Responsibility

102
Q

What is the official term for when an individual pleads less guilty to potentially lower their sentence to manslaughter

A

Loss of control

103
Q

What is the official term for if an individual can prove that they were not in full control of their body at the time of the murder

A

Automatism

criminology unit 2 (8 decks)

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