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criminology unit 2 > Individualistic theories > Flashcards

Individualistic theories Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered psychoanalysis

A

Sigmund Freud

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2
Q

What year was Sigmund Freud

A

1856-1939

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3
Q

What did Freud claim

A

early childhood experiences determines our personality and future behaviour.

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4
Q

What was Freud’s view

A

‘the child is father to the man’

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5
Q

What are the three elements of Sigmund Freud’s theory

A

The ego, superego and the id

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6
Q

Where is the ID located

A

the unconscious, instinctive, ‘animal’ part of the mind.

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7
Q

What does the ID contain

A

Powerful, selfish, pleasure-seeking needs and drives, such as the desire for sex, food and sleep.

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8
Q

What is the ID governed by

A

‘the pleasure principle’ - the blind desire to satisfy its urges at any cost

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9
Q

what would happen if we acted upon these urges?

A

they would often lead to anti-social and criminal behaviour

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10
Q

What does the superego contain

A

our conscience or moral rules, which we learn through interactions with our parents during early socialisation in the family.

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11
Q

Freud saw our behaviour as the result of what

A

the struggle between the ID and the superego

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12
Q

What does ego literally mean

A

ego : ‘I’

I am pulled in opposing directions, between my desire (ID) and my conscience (superego).

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13
Q

What is the role of the ego

A

to try to strike a balance between their conflicting demands

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14
Q

What is the ego driven by

A

‘the reality principle’ it learns from experience that in the real world, our actions have consequences

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15
Q

What does the Ego seek to do

A

The ego seeks to control the ID’s urges while still finding ways to satisfy them.

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16
Q

What happens if you have a weakly developed superego

A

the individual will feel less guilt about anti-social actions and less inhibition about acting on the ID’s selfish or aggressive urges.

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17
Q

What happens when there is a too harsh and unforgiving superego

A

Creates deep-seated guilt feelings in the individual, who then craves punishment as a release from these feelings. the person may reoffend in order to be punished

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18
Q

What happens if there is a deviant superego

A

the child is successfully socialised, but into a deviant moral code. The child may have a good relationship with his criminal parent, so they internalises their parent criminal values.

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19
Q

What does Bowlby argue

A

There is a link between maternal deprivation and deviant or anti-social behaviour

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20
Q

What is Bowlby’s view

A

A child needs a close, continuous relationship with its primary carer (which Bowlby assumed was the mother) from birth to the age of 5 in order to develop normally

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21
Q

What happens if the mother-child attachment is broken through separation in Bowlby’s theory

A

Even for a short-period it can leave the child unable to form meaningful emotional relationships with others.

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22
Q

What does Bowlby describe when a mother leaves her child as

A

Affectionless Psychopathy

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23
Q

Who did Bowlby study

A

44 juveniles thieves who had been referred to a child guidance clinic.

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24
Q

What did Bowlby discover

A

39% of them had suffered maternal deprivation before the age of 5, compared with only 5% of a control group of non-delinquents

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25
Q

What three features does learning theories of crime generally emphasis?

A
  • Criminal behaviour is learned behaviour
  • The influence of our immediate social environment, such as the family and peer groups
  • The key role of reinforcement and punishment in the learning process
26
Q

What did Sutherland argue

A

An individual learns criminal behaviour largely in the family and peer groups (including work groups)

27
Q

What two factors does Sutherland use to prove his argument

A

Imitation and Learned Attitudes

28
Q

What is meant by imitation of criminal acts

A

Individuals can acquire criminal skills and techniques through observing those around them

29
Q

What is meant by learned attitudes

A

Socialisation within the group exposes the individual to attitudes and values about the law

30
Q

What did Sutherland discover when studying white collar crime

A

group attitudes in the workplace often normalised criminal behaviour.

31
Q

Who created the theory of operant learning theory

A

Psychologist B.F. Skinner

32
Q

What is the basic idea of the operant learning theory

A

particular behaviour results in a reward, it is likely to be repeated.

33
Q

What is meant by behaviourism

A

The cause of someone’s behaviour lies in the reinforcements and punishments that shape it.

34
Q

What is meant by differential reinforcements theory.

A

all behaviour is the result of reinforcements and punishments

35
Q

What does B.F. Skinner argue

A

criminal behaviour is learned through the reinforcements of particular behaviours

36
Q

What psychologists argues social learning theory

A

Albert Bandura

37
Q

What does Albert Bandura argue

A

we learn much of our behaviour - including our aggressive behaviour - by imitating other people

38
Q

What did Bandura et al demonstrate

A

demonstrates this in a series of 4-5 years old. they divided the children into three groups.

39
Q

What were all children groups shown

A

a film of an adult model being verbally and physically aggressive towards an inflatable bobo doll.

40
Q

How many groups did the social learning theory look at

A

3 groups

41
Q

What did group 1 get shown

A

a version of the film where the model was rewarded with praise

42
Q

What did group 2 get shown

A

version in which the model was sanctioned

43
Q

What did group 3 get shown

A

Control group, version in which they saw, the behaviour was neither rewarded nor punished

44
Q

What did group 1 imitate

A

the aggressive behaviours they had seen being awarded

45
Q

What did group 2 imitate

A

the least likely to imitate the aggressive behaviour

46
Q

What did group 3 imitate

A

observed the model’s actions which was the model being punished

47
Q

What did the groups learn from the films

A

No matter what version of the film they viewed, they all learned by observing someone else’s experiences

48
Q

How can the groups viewing films analogy be applied to criminal behaviour

A

If an individual observes a peer getting rewarded for their criminality, the theory predicts that the behaviour is more likely to be imitated.

49
Q

What does the term ‘cognition’ refers to

A

thinking and mental processes such as attitudes, beliefs, reasoning, problem-solving, decision-making, our self-concept and how we interpret the world around us.

50
Q

What does cognitive theories argue

A

that these mental process shape our behaviour

51
Q

What did Psychologists Yochelson and Samenow apply the cognitive theory to

A

Criminality

52
Q

What is Psychologists Yochelson and Samenow key ideas

A

criminals are prone to faulty thinking and this makes them more likely to commit crime

53
Q

What is the cognitive theory based on

A

a long-term study of 240 male offenders, most of whom had been committed to psychiatric hospital.

54
Q

What is thinking errors

A

they argue that criminals show a range of errors and biases in their thinking and deicison-making

55
Q

What are the thinking error examples

A

Lying, secretiveness, need for power and control, super-optimism, failure to understand other’s positions, lack of trust in others, uniqueness

56
Q

What is Kohlberg’s moral development theory?

A

a theory of how we develop our moral thinking

57
Q

What does Kohlberg argue

A

our ideas of right and wrong develop through a series of levels and stages from childhood to adulthood.

58
Q

What do young children define right and wrong as

A

in terms of what brings punishment or rewards

59
Q

What do adults define right and wrong by

A

an understanding of underlying moral principles and values

60
Q

What does Kohlberg’s theory suggest

A

Criminals’ moral development is stuck at a less mature level than everyone else.

criminology unit 2 (8 decks)

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