Individualistic theories influencing policies

Question 1

How many times a week did Freud see his patients

Answer 1

5 times a week, usually for years

Question 2

What does his sessions involve

Answer 2

bringing these unconscious conflicts and repressed emotions into the conscious mind so they can be resolved.

Question 3

How did Freud access the unconscious mind

Answer 3

Freud used Hypnosis and free association, where the analyst gives the patient a word and they respond with the first word that comes into their mind

Question 4

Who applied Psychoanalytic ideas to policies for treating young offenders at the institution he supervised

Answer 4

Aichhorn

Question 5

What did Aichhorn reject

Answer 5

the harsh environments of young offenders’ institutions at the time (1920s) and treated the children by providing a happy and pleasant environment that would make development of the superego possible

Question 6

Is psychoanalysis effective?

Answer 6

does not seem very effective.`

Question 7

What did Eysenck find out

Answer 7

44% of psychoanalysis patients treated for neurosis showed improvement, as against 72% of patients treated by hospitals or GPs

Question 8

If psychoanalysis doesnt work for neurosis, what does Eysenck argue will happen with criminals

Answer 8

it seems unlikely to work with criminals , as eyesenck argued that criminals are liekly to be neurotics

Question 9

What is a limitation of psychoanalysis

Answer 9

costly and time-consuming, so neber been used at a large scale

Question 10

How does abuse affect psychoanalysis

Answer 10

Psychoanalysis gives analysts the power to define what is normal or abnormal.

Question 11

How does a token economy work

Answer 11

The institution draws up a list of desirable behaviours, eg. obeying the rules, interacting with staff
When the offender behaves in the desired way, they earn a token
Tokens may be exchanged for rewards, sweets, phone calls
Through this selective reinforcement, good behaviour becomes more likely.

Question 12

What have some studies shown about the token economy

Answer 12

shown an improvement in behaviour, but once the reinforcement stops (when they leave prison) the behaviour tends to disappear

Question 13

What do token economies tend to do within prisons

Answer 13

Makes prisoners more manageable

Question 14

In the US, what have critics said are a human right for prisoners

Answer 14

In the US, there has been cases of food and drink being withheld as a ‘reward’, critics have now said that it is a human right rather than a privilege

Question 15

What other theory does Aversion therapy apply to

Answer 15

Eysenck’s personality theory to the treatment of sex offenders

Question 16

What does Eysenck state

Answer 16

Criminals tend to be extremely extravert and Neurotic

Question 17

Why does criminals being mainly Neurotic and extravert mean that criminals are harder to condition

Answer 17

they are more resistant to learning through punishment

Question 18

What are sex offenders asked to think about

Answer 18

an unacceptable sexual fantasy until they are aroused

Question 19

What is the sex offender administered

Answer 19

A strongly aversive stimulus (one the individual would choose to avoid) is then administered, e.g. an electric shock or a nausea-inducing drug

Question 20

Is Aversion therapy effective?

Answer 20

very limited success, usually only short term, and its use in attempting to ‘cure’ gay people has also been criticised as a human rights abuse

Question 21

What has Cognitive theories been applied to

Answer 21

a range of offender treatment programmes known as Cognitive Behavioural therapy (CBT)

Question 22

What does cognitive theories state

Answer 22

our cognitions (thought processes) shape our behaviour, including offending behaviour

Question 23

What does CBT programmes aim to change

Answer 23

change offenders’ thoughts and attitudes so as to change their behaviour .

Question 24

What are 2 examples of CBT training?

Answer 24

Think first and Aggression Replacement Training (ART)

Question 25

What is the Think First programme

Answer 25

programme of group and one-to-one sessions for repeat offenders on probation.

Question 26

What does think first aim to do

Answer 26

enable offenders to control their thoughts, feelings and behaviour

Question 27

What does Think First teach

Answer 27

problem-solving skills, consequential thinking, decision making and seeing things from the others point of view

Question 28

Is Think First effective?

Answer 28

Those completing the programme are 30% less likely to be re-convicted than offenders who receive an alternative community sentence

Question 29

Who is ART for?

Answer 29

Violent and Aggressive offenders

Question 30

What does ART involve

Answer 30

Interpersonal skills training, eg roleplay
Anger control techniques, dealing with emotions and providing offenders with alternative courses of action
Moral reasoning training that challenges their attitudes by confronting them with moral dilemmas to consider

Question 31

Is ART effective

Answer 31

Evaluations mostly show lower re-conviction rates. However, some evaluations have found that although thinking skill improved, behaviour did not

Question 32

What is the Home Office’s ‘what works’ policy aims

Answer 32

to ensure that CBT programmes actually reduce offending and so it accredits ones that meet certain criteria

Question 33

What is the Home Offices criteria

Answer 33

• A clear plan and proven methods for altering offenders behaviours
• Careful matching of offenders to the right programme, in terms of their offence, risk of re-offending and learning abilities
• Targeting the risk factors that lead to offending

Question 34

What must a successful programme show

Answer 34

Improves offenders’ skills and their everyday behaviour and reduces their re-offending