4.2 - how social changes affect policy development Flashcards
What is the definition of values
general principles, beliefs or guidelines about how we should live our lives
What does values tell us
what is right and wrong, good and bad
What values does the UK have
modern societies such as the UK place a high value on pursuing individual wealth
What are tribal societies values
place more value on the group than on the individual. Individuals may have a duty to share their wealth with others
What is the definition of Norms
Specific rules or socially accepted standards about how we are expected to behave in specific situations
What are examples of informal and unwritten rules?
you shouldn’t queue-jump
What are examples of formal, written rules
the law that says you must not drive with more than a certain alcohol level in your blood.
What are specific norms often based on
General Values
What is the definition of Mores (pronounced Mor-rays)
very basic, essential norms that society sees as vital for maintaining standards of decency and civilised behaviour. In other words, Mores are societies important moral rules
Why do laws often change
because of changes in a societies culture - norms and values
What year was the law pasted to make driving whilst drunk an offence
1925
How was the level of ‘drunk’ considered when the law was first introduced
There was no clear definition of ‘drunk’ and no legal limit on how much alcohol drivers could have in their blood, so it was up to the police and courts to decide if the individual was stable enough to drive
What percentage of households owned a car in 1951
15%
How much did the percentage rise of households in 1971 had a car
55%
What year were all new cars needed to be fitted with a seatbelt
1966
what year was the first breathalysers introduced for roadside use
1968
What year was the high risk offender scheme introduced
1983
why was the high risk offender scheme introduced
for convicted drivers with an alcohol problem
Who does the high risk offenders scheme include
drivers who have been disqualified more than once for drink driving
What does the driver with an alcohol problem need to do before they get their licence back
undergo a medical before they can get their medical back
What was introduced in 1991 to do with alcohol use while driving
a new offence of causing death by driving while under the influence of alcohol or drugs was introduced, with a compulsory prison sentence of up to 5 years.
What is the punishment for your first drink driving offence
up to six months imprisonment, an unlimited fine and a driving ban for at least 1 year with heavier offenders for repeat offenders
What What year was the first TV advertising campaign against drink driving mounted by the government first aired
50 years ago
In what year did half of all male drivers admit to drink driving at least once a week
1979
In 2014, what survey was done by government’s campaign against drink driving
THINK! showed there has been a massive change in people’s attitudes
What did THINK!s survey find out
91% of people agreed that drink driving was unacceptable and 92% said they would feel ashamed if they were caught drink driving
What does the road safety campaign argue that the government need to go further
Brake
How many road deaths still involve a driver over the alcohol limit
one in eight road deaths
What countries have the highest legal alcohol limit in Europe?
England and Wales
How many non-white residents were there in 1945 in the UK
20,000
What were the main immigrant groups were white
Irish, who had come for economic reasons and Jews, who had fled from prosecution in Europe
Between what years did non-white immigrant groups came from former British colonies in the Caribbean, the Indian sub-continent and Africa
1950s and 1960s
How many White or White British were there in the Uk in 2011
55,000,000, 87% of the population
How many Gypsy/Traveller/British Travellers were there in the UK in 2011
60,000, 0.1% of the UKs population at the time
How many British or British Asian were there in the UK in 2011
4,000,000, 6.9% of the UKs population
What was the Windrush generation
after the empire Windrush, the first ship to bring Caribbean migrants to Britain
What did the Windrush generation face when they arrived at Britain
Hostility, with many white people holding racist stereotypes of Black people as dirty, diseased or criminal
What did a survey done in 1956 in Birmingham find
that only 1.5% of whites would be willing to let a room to of Black Tenant
What did a BBC documentary find out about churches
churches were turning away black families to avoid upsetting white worshippers
What were the laws facing discrimination against a race
it was legal to discriminate against a person on grounds of race
How did landlords take advantage of the legalisation of grounds to discriminate against a person of race
letting slum housing to immigrants, who frequently could only get low-paid, low-skilled jobs, even when well qualified
What did the race relations act in 1965 do
vanned racial discrimination in public places and made the promotion of hatred on grounds of ‘colour, race, or ethnic or national origins an offence.
What was the further Race Relations actin 1968 outlaw?
Discrimination in the key areas of employment, housing and public services
What year were both the Race Relations acts replaced in
1976
What did the 1976 Race Relations Act do
significantly strengthened the law by extending it to cover both direct and indirect discrimination
What is direct discrimination
when someone treats you less favourably, for example because of your colour
What is Indirect Discrimination
when there is a policy or rule that applies to everyone, but it has a worse effect on some groups than others
In what year was the Race Relations Act replaced by the Equality act in
2010
What did the equality act bring together
brought together laws on racial, sex, age and disability discrimination
Who oversees the Equality act
Overseen by the Equality and Human Rights Commission
What did the 1987 British Attitudes survey find out
that 39% of people said they were racially prejudiced, where as by 2017 this had fallen to 26%
What does the 2018 survey by British Future find
66% of all over 65s in ethnic minorities said the level of racial prejudice today is lower than it was in 1968.
According to some Psychologists, if we are made to change or behaviour, we are made to what
change our attitudes to fit
What did the British Future survey find people thought was more important than race relation laws in improving race relations in Britain
Children of different backgrounds mixing at schools, workplace contact with people from other ethnicities
In 2018, who was accused of a ‘hostile environment’ that led to the wrongful deportation of members of the Windrush generation who lived in the UK for decades
The Conservative Government
What did the 1553 Buggery Act do
Made sodomy (anal sexual intercourse) between men punishable by death and men were executed until as late as 1835
What year was an act extended to make sexual intercourse between men against the law
1885
How many men were in prison as a result of being gay in the 20th century
1000
Who was Alan Turing
A gay code-breaker during the second world war, who cracked the Nazi’s enigma cipher machine
What did Alan Turing save
shortened World War 2 by at least 2 years and estimated saved 14 million lives
What did Alan Turing save
shortened World War 2 by at least 2 years and estimated saved 14 million lives
When did Turing commit suicide
1954
What is meant by individualism
The belief that individuals should have the right to choose how they live their lives, somlong as they do not harm others
What is meant by Secularisation
Refers to the declining influence of religion on people’s lives, attitudes and values.
What have religions usually opposed
Homosexuality, often violently.
What year was the age of consent lowered from 21 to 18
1994
In what year was the age of consent lowered from 18 to 16
2000
What year was civil partnerships for same sex couples introduced
2005
What does the 2004 Gender Recognition act enable people to do
to apply for a gender recognition certificate, which then allows them to change their legal gender, acquire a new birth certificate and have their acquired sex recognised in law for all purposes
How many gay and trans people are hated on every year
one in five gay people, two in five trans people
