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criminology unit 2 > 4.2 - how social changes affect policy development > Flashcards

4.2 - how social changes affect policy development Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of values

A

general principles, beliefs or guidelines about how we should live our lives

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2
Q

What does values tell us

A

what is right and wrong, good and bad

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3
Q

What values does the UK have

A

modern societies such as the UK place a high value on pursuing individual wealth

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4
Q

What are tribal societies values

A

place more value on the group than on the individual. Individuals may have a duty to share their wealth with others

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5
Q

What is the definition of Norms

A

Specific rules or socially accepted standards about how we are expected to behave in specific situations

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6
Q

What are examples of informal and unwritten rules?

A

you shouldn’t queue-jump

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7
Q

What are examples of formal, written rules

A

the law that says you must not drive with more than a certain alcohol level in your blood.

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8
Q

What are specific norms often based on

A

General Values

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9
Q

What is the definition of Mores (pronounced Mor-rays)

A

very basic, essential norms that society sees as vital for maintaining standards of decency and civilised behaviour. In other words, Mores are societies important moral rules

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10
Q

Why do laws often change

A

because of changes in a societies culture - norms and values

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11
Q

What year was the law pasted to make driving whilst drunk an offence

A

1925

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12
Q

How was the level of ‘drunk’ considered when the law was first introduced

A

There was no clear definition of ‘drunk’ and no legal limit on how much alcohol drivers could have in their blood, so it was up to the police and courts to decide if the individual was stable enough to drive

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13
Q

What percentage of households owned a car in 1951

A

15%

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14
Q

How much did the percentage rise of households in 1971 had a car

A

55%

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15
Q

What year were all new cars needed to be fitted with a seatbelt

A

1966

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16
Q

what year was the first breathalysers introduced for roadside use

A

1968

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17
Q

What year was the high risk offender scheme introduced

A

1983

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18
Q

why was the high risk offender scheme introduced

A

for convicted drivers with an alcohol problem

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19
Q

Who does the high risk offenders scheme include

A

drivers who have been disqualified more than once for drink driving

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20
Q

What does the driver with an alcohol problem need to do before they get their licence back

A

undergo a medical before they can get their medical back

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21
Q

What was introduced in 1991 to do with alcohol use while driving

A

a new offence of causing death by driving while under the influence of alcohol or drugs was introduced, with a compulsory prison sentence of up to 5 years.

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22
Q

What is the punishment for your first drink driving offence

A

up to six months imprisonment, an unlimited fine and a driving ban for at least 1 year with heavier offenders for repeat offenders

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23
Q

What What year was the first TV advertising campaign against drink driving mounted by the government first aired

A

50 years ago

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24
Q

In what year did half of all male drivers admit to drink driving at least once a week

A

1979

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25
Q

In 2014, what survey was done by government’s campaign against drink driving

A

THINK! showed there has been a massive change in people’s attitudes

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26
Q

What did THINK!s survey find out

A

91% of people agreed that drink driving was unacceptable and 92% said they would feel ashamed if they were caught drink driving

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27
Q

What does the road safety campaign argue that the government need to go further

A

Brake

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28
Q

How many road deaths still involve a driver over the alcohol limit

A

one in eight road deaths

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29
Q

What countries have the highest legal alcohol limit in Europe?

A

England and Wales

30
Q

How many non-white residents were there in 1945 in the UK

A

20,000

31
Q

What were the main immigrant groups were white

A

Irish, who had come for economic reasons and Jews, who had fled from prosecution in Europe

32
Q

Between what years did non-white immigrant groups came from former British colonies in the Caribbean, the Indian sub-continent and Africa

A

1950s and 1960s

33
Q

How many White or White British were there in the Uk in 2011

A

55,000,000, 87% of the population

34
Q

How many Gypsy/Traveller/British Travellers were there in the UK in 2011

A

60,000, 0.1% of the UKs population at the time

35
Q

How many British or British Asian were there in the UK in 2011

A

4,000,000, 6.9% of the UKs population

36
Q

What was the Windrush generation

A

after the empire Windrush, the first ship to bring Caribbean migrants to Britain

37
Q

What did the Windrush generation face when they arrived at Britain

A

Hostility, with many white people holding racist stereotypes of Black people as dirty, diseased or criminal

38
Q

What did a survey done in 1956 in Birmingham find

A

that only 1.5% of whites would be willing to let a room to of Black Tenant

39
Q

What did a BBC documentary find out about churches

A

churches were turning away black families to avoid upsetting white worshippers

40
Q

What were the laws facing discrimination against a race

A

it was legal to discriminate against a person on grounds of race

41
Q

How did landlords take advantage of the legalisation of grounds to discriminate against a person of race

A

letting slum housing to immigrants, who frequently could only get low-paid, low-skilled jobs, even when well qualified

42
Q

What did the race relations act in 1965 do

A

vanned racial discrimination in public places and made the promotion of hatred on grounds of ‘colour, race, or ethnic or national origins an offence.

43
Q

What was the further Race Relations actin 1968 outlaw?

A

Discrimination in the key areas of employment, housing and public services

44
Q

What year were both the Race Relations acts replaced in

A

1976

45
Q

What did the 1976 Race Relations Act do

A

significantly strengthened the law by extending it to cover both direct and indirect discrimination

46
Q

What is direct discrimination

A

when someone treats you less favourably, for example because of your colour

47
Q

What is Indirect Discrimination

A

when there is a policy or rule that applies to everyone, but it has a worse effect on some groups than others

48
Q

In what year was the Race Relations Act replaced by the Equality act in

A

2010

49
Q

What did the equality act bring together

A

brought together laws on racial, sex, age and disability discrimination

50
Q

Who oversees the Equality act

A

Overseen by the Equality and Human Rights Commission

51
Q

What did the 1987 British Attitudes survey find out

A

that 39% of people said they were racially prejudiced, where as by 2017 this had fallen to 26%

52
Q

What does the 2018 survey by British Future find

A

66% of all over 65s in ethnic minorities said the level of racial prejudice today is lower than it was in 1968.

53
Q

According to some Psychologists, if we are made to change or behaviour, we are made to what

A

change our attitudes to fit

54
Q

What did the British Future survey find people thought was more important than race relation laws in improving race relations in Britain

A

Children of different backgrounds mixing at schools, workplace contact with people from other ethnicities

55
Q

In 2018, who was accused of a ‘hostile environment’ that led to the wrongful deportation of members of the Windrush generation who lived in the UK for decades

A

The Conservative Government

56
Q

What did the 1553 Buggery Act do

A

Made sodomy (anal sexual intercourse) between men punishable by death and men were executed until as late as 1835

57
Q

What year was an act extended to make sexual intercourse between men against the law

A

1885

58
Q

How many men were in prison as a result of being gay in the 20th century

A

1000

59
Q

Who was Alan Turing

A

A gay code-breaker during the second world war, who cracked the Nazi’s enigma cipher machine

60
Q

What did Alan Turing save

A

shortened World War 2 by at least 2 years and estimated saved 14 million lives

61
Q

What did Alan Turing save

A

shortened World War 2 by at least 2 years and estimated saved 14 million lives

62
Q

When did Turing commit suicide

A

1954

63
Q

What is meant by individualism

A

The belief that individuals should have the right to choose how they live their lives, somlong as they do not harm others

64
Q

What is meant by Secularisation

A

Refers to the declining influence of religion on people’s lives, attitudes and values.

65
Q

What have religions usually opposed

A

Homosexuality, often violently.

66
Q

What year was the age of consent lowered from 21 to 18

A

1994

67
Q

In what year was the age of consent lowered from 18 to 16

A

2000

68
Q

What year was civil partnerships for same sex couples introduced

A

2005

69
Q

What does the 2004 Gender Recognition act enable people to do

A

to apply for a gender recognition certificate, which then allows them to change their legal gender, acquire a new birth certificate and have their acquired sex recognised in law for all purposes

70
Q

How many gay and trans people are hated on every year

A

one in five gay people, two in five trans people

criminology unit 2 (8 decks)

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