social cognition

Question 1

framing effect

Answer 1

way that info is presented has an influence on judgement/evaluation
like: order of presentation or how smt is worded

Question 2

order effect

Answer 2

content not altered only order

• primacy effect: disproportionate influence on judgment by info presented first
• recency effect: disproportionate influence on judgment by info presented last
• ->basic attention and memory processes

Question 3

Ash (1946)

Answer 3

1) intelligent industrious …. envious
2) envious stubborn … intelligent
- -> primacy effect, early info more important

Question 4

other types of framing

Answer 4

(used in marketing, politics) interpretative frame: highlighting features: cost or quality or technology

providing the audience w a frame in which they should be interpreting info

Question 5

valence framing

Answer 5

changing valence of event, issue,object, situation

• positive valence: ‘goodness’ of smt
• negative valence: ‘badness’ of smt

–>salience/ focus of attention
increased activation of particular stimulus
but attitude strength & attitude relevance

Question 6

diff type of valence framing

Answer 6

• attribute framing
• goal framing
• risky choice framing

Question 7

attribute framing

Answer 7

manipulate object in alternative ways, highlight different attributes
ex: medşcal treatment as survival rates vs mortality rates
meat as 75% lean vs 25% fat
positive and negative framing

Question 8

goal framing

Answer 8

frames the goal of action or behaviour
focus of potential provide benefit (gain/+) or potential avoid negative consequences (loss/ -)
-gain frame
-loss frame (more powerful)

Question 9

Loss aversion (related to goal framing)

Answer 9

tendency for loss to have more psycho impact than an equivalent gain (negativity bias)

Question 10

risky choice framing

Answer 10

loss vs gain framing,in context where people have to choose between two diff options that include diff levels of risk
-> more likely to take risks if decision framed in terms of avoiding losses

Question 11

temporal framing

Answer 11

smt framed as occuring npw or in the future (distant)
thinking about actions/events within a particular time perspective.
psychological distance (e.g: now vs later, here vs there, me vs someone else) affects decisions and behaviours

Question 12

construal level theory

Answer 12

outlines relationship between psycho distance and how we think about smt
abstract thought: distant actions/ events
-high: less details, general schema
-low: concrete details
concrete thought: near actions/ events

Question 13

confirmation bias

Answer 13

seek our evidence that would support proposition rather than info that would contradict .
treatment of evidence in favour to own position
effects info selection and interpretation

Question 14

issues with confirmation bias

Answer 14

assimilate new info in biased manner which results in attitude polarisation
polarisation: dismiss opposing evidence
leads to false beliefs

Question 15

overconfidence bias

Answer 15

tendency to have greater confdence in their judgments and decisions than their actual accuracy merits
people’s confidence exceed their accuracy

Question 16

motivated confirmation bias

Answer 16

tendency to accept what we want to believe more easily compared to what we don’t want to believe

Question 17

system of thought/ decision making

Answer 17

-intuitive system 
fast, automatic, unconscious 
-rational system 
slower and controlled conscious
-> influences judgment

Question 18

heuristics

Answer 18

‘mental shortcuts’
intuitive mental operations= allow to make variety of judgment quickly and effectively (can lead to error)
-important in perception and decision making

Question 19

availability heuristic

Answer 19

judgment of frequency rely on how easily pertinent instances come to mind

Question 20

representativeness heuristic

Answer 20

judgment of likelyhood based on existing prototype that already exists in our minds
indv. and grp prototype
between cause and effect

Question 21

planning fallacy

Answer 21

overestimating how quickly/easily one can achieve goal
tendency to be unreallistically optimistic
people highly confident about predictions

Question 22

anchoring and adjustemt heuristic

Answer 22

people perform few steps computation and estimate product by adjustment (which is insufficient)

1) general underestimation
2) higher estimates for descending rather than ascending
(descending: 8-7-6…2-1
ascending: 1-2-3…7-8)

Question 23

why we commit planning fallacy ?

Answer 23

focus on factors u can control, steps that’ll be taken but neglect past/similar experiences w finishing
-> neglect prior probabilities (representativeness heuristic)

Question 24

anchoring &adjustment heuristic problems

Answer 24

insufficient adjustment

Question 25

social situation of anchoring and adjustment

Answer 25

when making judgment about someone
we use the self as anchor (what we would do? how we would react? etc..)
-egocentric bias
tend to think other people are like us, see the world like we do

Question 26

role of info

Answer 26

when making decision/judgment use info to derive that judgment
quality of info: -completedness
-accuracy

Question 27

minimal info, impression formation

Answer 27

judgements about: trustworthiness, competence, aggressiveness, likability etc…

Question 28

first hand info

Answer 28

experiencing things: seeing, hearing,feeling

->can be more accurate bc hasn’T been modified by secondary person

Question 29

problems w first hand info

Answer 29

attention and motivational biases= skew info we acquire

Question 30

second hand info

Answer 30

what people tell us: gossip,new, books etc…
quality of info affected by:
motivations, biases, intentional & unintentional goals
-misleading -entertainment
-persuasion. -profit making
-overmphasizing

Question 31

negativity bias

Answer 31

attract attention and have greater psycho impact

bc has implications for wellbeing,

Question 32

bottom-up vs top-down processing

Answer 32

behavior ->trait

trait->behavior