Social class

Question 1

Material deprivation

Answer 1

The inability to afford basic resources. Eg, sufficient food, heating and educational resources.

Question 2

Out of school factors affecting social class differences (Material Factors)

Answer 2

• Material deprivation
• Damp or crowded housing- poor working environments
• Poor diet and under-nourishment- poor performance and poor health leading to missed school days
• Working class are likely to take up employment out of school.
• Higher income households can afford educational visits and private tuition

Question 3

Out of school factors affecting social class differences (Cultural Factors)

Answer 3

• Cultural deprivation
• WC households have different attitudes towards education
• WC are more concerned with immediate gratification so spend less years in school; middle class delay paid employment (Sugarman)
• RC have high social capital- pupils can sometimes succeed in educational tasks because of out of school connections who have relevant specialists
• Habitus of working class is deemed less respectable than ruling class habitus

Question 4

In of school factors affecting social class differences (Factors)

Answer 4

• Labelling (Becker) creating self fulfilling prophecy
• Anti school subcultures
• Language codes (Bernstein)- textbooks, external exams and teachers use elaborate code; WC only use restricted

Question 5

2014/15 achievement of FSM pupils

Answer 5

60% of pupils not eligible for FSM got 5 GCSEs at A*-C compared with 33% of those who were eligible.

Question 6

Smith and Noble

Answer 6

‘Barriers to learning’ (Material, out of school)

• Marketisation has led to higher house prices.
• Older students have to look after younger siblings
• Less access to internet or room
• No equipment

Question 7

Hirsch

Answer 7

• ‘Advantages for the better off’
• Structural out of school activities- leads to confidence, life skills and cultural literacy
• High cost of university- WC can’t afford to live away from home to attend prestigious universities.

Question 8

Feinstein (2003)

Answer 8

• ’ material factors matter but culture is more important’
• The quality of mother and childtime
• How often children are read to
• Attitudes of the education system of the parent

Question 9

Ball

Answer 9

• Setting and streaming means WC children were more likely to be in lower sets even if of the same attainment data than their MC peers.
• Children in higher sets have higher self esteems

Question 10

Dunne et al

Answer 10

Students in receipt of FSM are likely to be in lower sets