Social Change In Germany Flashcards by Charlie Newing

What are the 4 factors to use for social change essays?

1) Kaiser Reich
2) Weimar Germany
3) Nazi Germany
4) West Germany

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What was the National Civil Code?

Kaiser Reich - Women

Legalised the lower status of women and asserted that men had authority in all matters relating to his family’s children

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How many weeks were women given for maternity leave?

Kaiser Reich - Women

6 weeks and an 11hr working day

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What did Emma Iher do in 1885 relating to doctors and lawyers?

(Kaiser Reich - Women)

She established the ‘Society of the Protection of Women Workers’, which helped to support working women by providing lawyers and doctors for free

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How many members did the ‘Society of the Protection of Women Workers’ by 1886 when the government banned it?

(Kaiser Reich - Women)

1,000

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Which party challenged discrimination against women and campaigned for women’s right to vote?

(Kaiser Reich - Women)

SPD

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What did the shortage of male workers mean for women?

Weimar - Women

Women began working in areas previously forbidden such as heavy industry including chemicals, iron, steel and engineering

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What % did women make up the new Weimar Parliament from 1919 representing a high point for female membership since the % hovered around what?

(Weimar - Women)

9.6% women made up of Parliament 1919 compared to hovering around 6-7%

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How much had the membership grown by from 1914 to 1920s for BDF (organisation for women’s civil rights feminist movement)?

(Weimar - Women)

300,000 to 900,000

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What were ‘Weimar Women’?

Weimar - Women

Often urbanised, financially independent, single, sexually active, followed US fashion

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What is fair to say for women during the Weimar period?

Weimar - Women

Changes for women affected a relatively small fraction of the female population

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From 1933, the Nazis introduced a number of policies that affected women, name some?

(Nazi - Women)

All female working groups were banned, they were banned from government employment and practising medicine and law

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What percentage of university places could be reserved for women and what was the percentage prior to this?

(Nazi - Women)

10% and prior to this women made up 20% of university students

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When did the Nazis introduce the Lebensborn programme and what was the impact?

(Nazi - Women)

1935
provide an adoption service for racially pure, unmarried mothers to give up the children to SS officers families so they could be raised by racially pure parents

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By 1939 women made up what percentage of the workforce compare to 1933?

(Nazi - Women)

1939- 33%
1933- 37%
Striking given Nazi polices (still relatively high for Nazi period)

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More work was available for women during the Second World War and in 1943 how many women aged 17-45 were conscripted to work?

(Nazi - Women)

3 million

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What percentage of female membership made up of political parties?

(West Germany - Women)

4.4%

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What legal concept were wives given in 1957 and what then happens in 1959?

(West Germany - Women)

Wives given legal equality with their husbands and by 1959, the father’s complete authority over matters relating to the family’s children were removed

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By 1980 what % had women made up the workforce?

West Germany - Women

39% despite an economic boom, a figure of 6% above Nazi German and 2% higher than Weimar Germany

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By the early 1980s film admissions to university matched the number of men applying for the first time. What % of university students were women by 1989?

(West Germany - Women)

41%

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From 1871 who had severely affected the Mittelstand?

Kaiser Reich - Mittelstand (Artisan Tradition

Rapid industrialisation since factories could mass-produce good far more cheaply

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From 1882-1885, one-man artisan businesses dropped by what % and suffered even more decline from 1897-1907?

(Kaiser Reich - Mittelstand (Artisan Tradition)

13.5%

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Despite this fall the Mittelstand did survive in the newly industrialised Germany, why was this?

(Kaiser Reich - Mittelstand (Artisan Tradition)

New methods and machinery meant they were able to adapt to the new circumstances

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The Mittelstand formed an angry section of society who felt unsupported by political elites. What did this lead to?

(Kaiser Reich - Mittelstand (Artisan Tradition)

Growth in trade unions

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What did the government do in 1897 to try and win the support of the Mittelstand? (Kaiser Reich - Mittelstand (Artisan Tradition)

Protectionist Craft Laws which failed. Modernisation and industrialisation meant many turned to extremist parties

The Mittelstand through their support behind which party during early 1920s? (Weimar - Mittelstand (Artisan Tradition)

Nazi Party

What were some of the incentives for the Mittelstand to through their support behind the Nazis? (Weimar - Mittelstand (Artisan Tradition)

Anti-communist and in their original manifesto there were a number of policies aimed at supporting small traders

What % had skilled workers made up the Nazi Party membership in the 1920s despite only making up of 27% of the population? (Weimar - Mittelstand (Artisan Tradition)

33% skilled workers made up of the Nazi Party

The Mittelstand were also concerned about growth in what? | Weimar - Mittelstand (Artisan Tradition

Large shopping centres (often Jewish owned). Therefore attracted to the Nazis

Which famous individual supported the Mittelstand from 1933? | Nazi - Mittelstand (Artisan Tradition

Hitler

How were highly skilled artisans protected from competition? | Nazi - Mittelstand (Artisan Tradition

Nazis cracked down on the employment of low-paid, new artisanal shops had to gain permission allowed to open

What did the Nazi Party formations have to order from artisans from 1931-1936 which saw the number of artisan businesses rise by what %? (Nazi - Mittelstand (Artisan Tradition)

Had to order boots and uniforms increasing artisan business by 20%

But what remained more important than artisans? | Nazi - Mittelstand (Artisan Tradition

Heavy industry due to preparations for war

The number of artisan businesses declined 1936-39 by 11% and department stores’ turnover increased by what due to employing 90,000 Germans? (Nazi - Mittelstand (Artisan Tradition)

Increased by 10%

By 1955 how many Germans were employed in artisan traders? | West Germany - Mittelstand (Artisan Tradition

3.5 million and increase of 1 million by 1939

Many focused on trades that supported big industry such as? | West Germany - Mittelstand (Artisan Tradition

Skilled metalworking

What had been created during the war meaning even small artisans could prosper in West Germany’s advanced, industrialised economy? (West Germany - Mittelstand (Artisan Tradition)

Cooperatives

In Prussia, the civil service grew from 40,000 in 1850 to what by 1907? (Kaiser Reich - White-collar workers)

250,000

There was an explosion in social mobility due to an increasing need for sophisticated jobs. What did this enable? (Kaiser Reich - White-collar workers)

This enabled the lower middle classes to take up better paid ‘white-collar’ jobs

By 1912 the power of the white-collar workers was more powerful than ever, and although some feared the increasing power of the SPD, what were the middle-class willing to do? (Kaiser Reich - White-collar workers)

Work with them in the Reichstag to challenge to entrenched political system of the Kaiser

When did white collar workers begin to see their living standards drop? (Kaiser Reich - White-collar workers)

During the war living standards dropping to the same level as ordinary workers

What impact did the hyperinflation from 1921-23 and the Great Depression have on White collar workers? (Weimar - White collar workers)

Hit this group in society particularly hard and led to a growing sense of unease

Why were many white-collar workers unable to get jobs after the war? (Weimar - White collar workers)

Increasing number of women who had gained jobs during the war in the progressive society Weimar

White collar workers didn’t receive the same level of state support as blue collar workers. What number had no unemployment support at all? (Weimar - White collar workers)

90,000

Why did the union of white collar workers and working class falter during the Weimar Republic? (Weimar - White collar workers)

As the middle classes were fearful of communist uprisings

What % of members were white-collar workers in support of the Nazis? (Nazi - White Collar workers)

20%

By joining the Nazi Party white collar workers benefitted, and by the end of 1933, they were overrepresented by what % compared to blue collar workers? (Nazi - White Collar workers)

65% whereas blue collar workers were 30% underrepresented

By how much had population grown by 1933-39? | Nazi - White Collar workers

25%

What % increase in income did white-collar workers receive compared to blue collar workers? (Nazi - White Collar workers)

10%

What managed to drive a massive expansion of white collar workers in the 1950s, 60s and 70s? (West Germany - White collar workers)

Rapid industrial growth the economy shifted to service industries and more technologically advanced products

What % did white collar workers make up the workforce in 1890 compared to 1980? (West Germany - White collar workers)

1890: 10% 1980: 35%

What was made easier in 1956? | West Germany - White collar workers

Purchasing a house and tax allowance made it easier to buy a car so advancements was visible across West Germany

What were many Germans in Germany able to enjoy? | West Germany - White collar workers

Standard of living only enjoyed by the elites in previous years

What enabled Junkers to veto legislation in the Bundesrat against Reichstag? (Kaiser reich - Junkers)

Bismarck's Constitution `

What was fairly easy for the Junkers? | Kaiser reich - Junkers

Junkers control over the peasant population in an agrarian based economy because most people worked on the land and there was a quasi-alliance between landowners and workers

What did Junkers begin to allow to preserve their own positions in the face of the changes Germany were going through? (Kaiser Reich - Junkers)

Allowed the upper, middle class and industrial elite into positions of power to secure this alliance

How many seats did the Junker Conservatives win in contrast to the SPD 1908 which caused riots? (Kaiser Reich - Junkers)

SPD: 7 seats with 23% of the vote | Junker Conservatives: 212 seats with 16% of the vote

On 28th October what did Prince Max push through? | Weimar - Junkers

Reforms which ensured that the Prussian elite could no longer dominate the military or government. The unfair voting system was abolished

A revolution swept through the country and the Kaiser abdicated on 9th November 1918, what did this lead to? (Weimar - Junkers)

The first civilian government was formed under the SPD, meaning the end of Junker-led government

Due to the fear of a communist takeover what did Ebert sign in November 1918 which meant the army would support the new government if Ebert and the new government didn’t interfere with the military? (Weimar - Junkers)

Ebert-Groener Pact

Some Junkers were still able to hold significant positions of power such as who? (Weimar - Junkers)

Hans Von Seeckt commander-in-chief of the army from 1920-26

Hitler managed to manipulate the Junkers. In June 1934, owing concerns raised by the army about the power and recklessness of the SA, Hitler carried out the Night of the Long Knives. What impact did this have on Junkers? (Nazi - Junkers)

Led to Hitler winning support from the military leadership

After Hindenburg died 1934 what did Hitler assumed which saw the power of the Junkers decline drastically? (Nazi - Junkers)

Fuhrer

Powerful Junker’s were removed from where? like von Papen | Nazi - Junkers

Powerful Junker’s removed from Hitler’s cabinet

Majority of the Junkers in the military remained loyal, 1944 a small group of military leaders concerned about failings of the war plotted to assassinate Hitler, what did this lead to? (Nazi - Junkers)

This failed and 5,000 people were murdered by the Nazis

Where did most of Junker land lay following the end of the war? (West Germany - Junkers)

East Germany and Poland following the end of the war. Most of the land lost

What were many Junkers forced to do? | West Germany - Junkers

Most Junkers were therefore forced to give up their land

What happened to a lot of Junker land in communist East? | West Germany - Junkers

Divided up into smaller plots and turned into state-run farms

What were destroyed? | West Germany - Junkers

Large aristocratic houses that existed for hundreds of years

What had come to an end by 1952? | West Germany - Junkers

The power of the Prussian land-owning elite

What did Bismarck introduce which provided 13 weeks pay to 3 million workers? (Kaiser Reich - Growth of the Urban working class)

Sickness Insurance (1883)

What % was unemployment in one year between 1900-14? | Kaiser Reich - Growth of the Urban working class

1891, Sunday work was prohibited for children under what age and women didn’t have to work more than 11 hours a week? (Kaiser Reich - Growth of the Urban working class)

Accident insurance was extended when? (Kaiser Reich - Growth of the Urban working class)

1900

The new Weimar constitution guaranteed employees equal rights with employers when determining working conditions and order guaranteed how long of a working day? (Weimar - Growth of the urban working class)

8hr working day

From 18 70–1890 the population of large cities doubled. What did the population do from 1890-1910? (Weimar - Growth of the Urban working class)

Doubled

Working conditions were generally good and real wages increased by what % in 1927 and what % in 1928? (Weimar- Growth of the Urban working class)

9% to 12%

How many new houses were built to alleviate overcrowding and the SPD continued to be the largest party until 1932? (Weimar - Growth of the Urban Working Class)

2 million

The great depression huge effects of the working class with 9 million unemployed by what year? (Weimar- Growth of the Urban working class)

1933

What had Urban workers benefited from that was at the expense of their rights? (Nazi- Growth of the Urban working class)

Public work schemes like RAD

As the Nazis prepared the country for war. Working class grew by what percentage from 1929–1938? (Nazi- Growth of the Urban working class)

10%

Despite some working – class opposition, and the fact that they were under represented amongst Nazi membership what was particularly high during the war? (Nazi- Growth of the Urban working class)

Worker discipline

West Germany’s postwar economic miracle led to increased migration to the cities. West Germany’s population grew by 50% from 1950–1980 of which one percent lived in urban areas? (West Germany- Growth of the Urban working class)

74%

Urbanisation increased significantly with the working population in rural communities falling from 23.1% to what? (West Germany- Growth of the Urban working class)

8.3%

In total, West Germany employed 14 million guest workers. What are guest workers? (West Germany- Growth of the Urban working class)

Foreign workers, which changed Germany’s working class

Which sector of the German economy declined significantly during this period? (Kaiser Reich - The Slow Decline of the Peasantry)

The agricultural SPD sector

In 1900 what % did agriculture make up of German national income but by 1989 it was under 2%? (Kaiser Reich - The Slow Decline of the Peasantry)

30%

The number of German workers employed in agricultural jobs declined from 49% in 1871 to what % in 1989? (Kaiser Reich - The Slow Decline of the Peasantry)

It was the Junkers who persuaded Bismarck to introduced what in 1879? (Kaiser Reich - The Slow Decline of the Peasantry)

Tariffs to stop the import of cheap grain from Russia and USA

Why was agricultural production reduced during this period? Fertiliser and fuel had to be prioritised (Weimar - The Slow Decline of the Peasantry)

During WW1

There were many food shortages during the war as a result. What was the nickname for the famous winter? (Weimar - The Slow Decline of the Peasantry)

Turnip Winter 1916-17

Even before the Wall Street Crash and depression what were German farmers experiencing? (Weimar - The Slow Decline of the Peasantry)

Major slump in the value of their goods and resulted in widespread bankruptcy

Many farmers turned to this group for support and voted for them throughout 1920s? (Weimar - The Slow Decline of the Peasantry)

Nazis

What did the Nazis promote as the heart of the German tradition? (Nazis - The Slow Decline of the Peasantry)

Agricultural life

In 1933 the Nazis introduced laws to protect farms from being what? (Nazis - The Slow Decline of the Peasantry)

from being forcibly sold

Despite the decline during WW2 the Nazis continually pressured farmers to what? (Nazis - The Slow Decline of the Peasantry)

Increase yields to feed the country

After WW2 what had West German farmers benefitted from? | West Germany - The Slow Decline of the Peasantry

Mechanisation and improved farming practices

How did agriculture become more efficient which therefore improved the rural economy? (West Germany - The Slow Decline of the Peasantry)

As smaller farms were consolidated into larger ones

Agriculture continued to decline right up until 1990. Why was this? (West Germany - The Slow Decline of the Peasantry)

Increased focus on technology and industry