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Germany > Booklet 1 > Flashcards

Booklet 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The Treaty of Prague was to formally end the 1866 war. What did it lead to?

A

The creation of a German state (North ruled by Prussia) Only 4 states remained independent, Bavaria one of them

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2
Q

What fraction of all Germans part of the North German Confederation?

A

2/3

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3
Q

What led to the final unification?

A

Victory in the Franco-Prussian war and the German Empire declared January 1871

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4
Q

Who was declared Kaiser of Germany and what did the four other states do?

A

Wilhelm I four states who hadn’t joined the North German Confederation did join the new Germany

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5
Q

Features of the Kaiser politically?

A
  • Appointed/ dismissed government
  • Could dissolve Reichstag
  • Controlled foreign policy and armed forces
  • Could interpret the constitution
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6
Q

Features of the Reichstag politically?

A
  • Members (deputies) elected by male suffrage
  • Could agree/ reject laws proposed by Kaiser or govt
  • Main power was control over the budget
  • Could not remove the Kaiser or government
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7
Q

What is the UK equivalent to the Reichstag?

A

House of Commons

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8
Q

What is the UK equivalent to the Bundesrat?

A

House of Lords

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9
Q

Features of the Government: Chancellor and other ministers politically?

A
  • Appointment/ dissmissed by Kaiser
  • Proposed new laws to the Reichstag
  • Not dependent on Reichstag support to stay in power and could ignore them
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10
Q

Features of the electorate politically?

A
  • Men over 25 could vote in Reichstag elections every 5 years
  • Writted constitution but no statement of individual rights
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11
Q

Which party had the most deputies and the least deputies by 1877?

A

National Liberals - 128

SAPD - 12

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12
Q

Name a few political parties?

A

National liberals - Protestant middle class. Priority to build a strong German state. Backed Bismark until 1878
Centre Party - Catholic Party
SAPD - Socialist workers’ party with close links to trade unions. Fought for social reform

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13
Q

What does autocracy mean?

A

One person in charge

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14
Q

What was the fraction of Catholics by this time?

A

1/3 of the new Germany was Catholic and they felt discriminated in a country dominated by Protestant Prussians

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15
Q

Unifying aspects of the new constitution?

A
  • A single German currency was created (the mark) as well as standardised measurements and weights
  • National legal system was introduced
  • German railway system was linked up between states
  • A single German flag was created in 1892
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16
Q

What was the army made up of?

A

Armies made up of four separate states: Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony and Württemburg

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17
Q

Whilst the other states had an important role in the military what role did the Prussians have?

A

Prussian military elite, led by the Kaiser and the Junkers, controlled the army

(The power of the Lander parliaments)

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18
Q

The power of the Lander parliaments relating to constitutions? and some examples of these differences?

A

Each of the 25 states were allowed to retain its own constitution
e.g. Bavaria was relatively liberal whereas the Grand Duchy had a constitution pre-dated the French Revolution, had no elected Parliament until 1918

(The power of the Lander parliaments)

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19
Q

What did the southern states retain?

A

Their own railway, postal systems and were exempted from the taxes on beer and spirits that the northern states had to pay 1871

(The power of the Lander parliaments)

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20
Q

Where was the power of the Lander centered?

A

On the Upper House of Parliament, known as the Bundesrat. The number of representatives for each state in the Bundesrat depended on the size of the state e.g Prussia took up 17 of the 58 seats

(The power of the Lander parliaments)

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21
Q

What did these 17 members for Prussia mean?

A

In the Bundesrat, Prussia only needed 14 members to secured a veto, therefore always had the ability to veto if in favour

(The dominance of the Kaiser and Prussia)

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22
Q

What type of dominance did Prussia have over the German Confederation?

A

Political dominance over the German political system, as they could block any legislation from the Reichstag that they found unfavourable to the privileged position

(The dominance of the Kaiser and Prussia)

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23
Q

What powerful position was the Kaiser in?

A

The Kaiser would always be Prussian king, and along with the Prussian elite, had supreme control over the German military and government appointments, ensuring policy would remain favourable to Prussians

(The dominance of the Kaiser and Prussia)

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24
Q

What did Bismark do to limit the power of the Reichstag, relating to payment?

A

-Stated Reichstag members would recieve no payment making it difficult for less privileged classes to run for election

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25
Q

What did Bismark do to limit the power of the Reichstag, relating to legislation?

A

Bismark allowed the Reichstag to vote on all legislation but they couldn’t initiate legislation; this was presented by the chancellor or Bundesrat

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26
Q

What did Bismark do to limit the power of the Reichstag, relating to dissolving?

A

Bismark decided that if the Reichstag did reject any legislation from the chancellor or the Bundesrat, the Kaiser could dissolve the Reichstag and call for new elections

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27
Q

The Reichstag DID have potential power, relating to new laws?

A

Bismark’s new Reich needed vast numbers of laws. Reichstag was frequently voting on legislation (no bill could become law without Reichstag vote) often difficult to dissolve

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28
Q

The Reichstag DID have potential power, main power?

A

The Reichstag’s main power was control of the budget, life could be made difficult if Bismark was too confrontational

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29
Q

The Reichstag DID have potential power, open forum?

A

Reichstag was an ‘open forum’ of debate whose members enjoyed parliamentary immunity (meaning they could say anything and not fear arrest). The Chancellor and minister could be questioned and embarrassed

30
Q

The Reichstag DID have potential power, Bismarck needed support?

A

Birmark needed to work with the Reichstag to a certain extent to gain more widespread support for his policies. Bismark considered consitutional reform 1880s due to growing power of the Reichstag

31
Q

In 1867 what did Bismarck and the National Liberals agree upon?

A

That the military budget should remain fixed outside of Reichstag control until 1872

32
Q

What law did Bismark present in 1874?

A

A law that said that an army of over 400,000 men would automatically be financed by federal expenditure

33
Q

How much of the federal expenditure was spent on the army? And why was this a serious threat?

A

80% this was serious to the monetary powers of the Reichstag

34
Q

Due to this federal expenditure how did the National Liberals react?

A

Opposed this suggestion and Bismarck accused them of trying to undermine German military strength and threatened to call for a new election

35
Q

What did the National liberals do when Bismarck threatened the Reichstag with calling for new elections?

A

NL shrank away from this challenge reached a compromise - military budget fixed for 7 years at a time

36
Q

The impact of regional and social divisions on the NATIONAL LIBERALS?

A
  • Backed Bismark until 1878

- Represented the educated and wealthy middle class

37
Q

The impact of regional and social divisions on the GERMAN PEOPLE’S PARTY (DVP)?

A
  • Opposed the creation of a unified Germany

- Mainly based in the south of the country

38
Q

The impact of regional and social divisions on the CATHOLIC PARTY (Z)?

A
  • Strong support in the south e.g. Bavaria

- Began to gain more botes from yhe national groups (Poles and French) over the course of the 1870s

39
Q

What was the fraction of Catholics in the German Confederation at this time?

A

1/3

40
Q

Why did Bismark oppose the Catholic Party?

A
  • Started to become a competition as the percentage of votes for the Catholic Party would increase
  • Would listen to the Pope and therefore wouldn’t support unification
41
Q

Percentage of votes National Liberals and the Centre Party had in 1871 and 1878

A

NL: 1871- 30.1%, 1878- 23.1%
CP: 1871- 18.6%, 1878- 23.1%

42
Q

What was the National Liberals key policy?

A

Free Trade! Wanted new Germany to be a single economic system with no protectionist policies (make one state benefit over another) increasing the wealth of the middle class

43
Q

Some example of Bismarck’s key work with the National Liberals?

A
  • A standard legal system was introduced
  • The Reichsmark became the sole legal currency in Germany
  • Legislation related to free trade was passed in the early 1870s
44
Q

What impact did these policies have on Germany?

A
  • Developed Germany’s economic integration which broke down the barriers enabling unity amongst the economic system.
  • Huge economic growth in the 1890s
45
Q

Why did Bismarck work with the National Liberals?

A
  • Both sides feared the Catholic support of the Centre Party seen as a threat to national unity. National Liberals therefore supported Bismarck’s actions against the Catholics - Kulturkampf
  • Given that they were the largest party in the Reichstag they couldn’t be ignored, economic policies Bismarck hoped to keep the educated, middle-class voters happy
46
Q

When did tension between the National Liberals and Bismarck occur?

A

Mid 1870s as he refused to extend parliamentary power in the Reichstag

47
Q

This tension between the NL and Bismarck led to Bismarck deciding what?

A

Decided to try and split the National Liberals and then work with the more right-wing members of the party

48
Q

How was Bismarck able to work with the more right-wing members of the National Liberals?

A

Following an economic crash in 1873 demanding introduction of tariffs to protect German farmers - contrasted with the NL policy of free trade ideology

49
Q

What was the impact of these tariffs for Bismarck?

A

1878, seen as patriotic and many voters (e.g. farmers and peasants) switched their votes from the National Liberals to the Conservative party

50
Q

This constant division of the National Liberals led to more division 1880?

A

Splitting up into the conservative, National Liberal party and more left-leaning Liberal Union

51
Q

The decline of the National Liberals meant that what party was now the largest in the Reichstag?

A

Catholic Centre Party

52
Q

What else did this splitting of the party have an impact on?

A

Split the vote meant it was impossible for them to win a majority which weakened the Reichstag’s support for Bismarck’s policies

53
Q

What view did the two biggest parties in the Reichstag by 1884 have towards Bismarcks political goals?

A

Generally opposed them

54
Q

Between 1881-86 was was Bismarcks position like in the Reichstag?

A

Severely weak and he found himself increasingly isolated there

55
Q

How many preists jailed or exiled during the Kulturkampf?

A

1,800

56
Q

How much if church property seized?

A

16 million Reichmarks

57
Q

What was the impact on the Centre Party during the Kulturkampf?

A

Vote increased 1871=18.6% and in 1874=27.9%

58
Q

What did the ‘Bread and Basket’ law do?

A

Withdrew financial support from Priests who didn’t publicaly support Germany Unificantion

59
Q

The War in Sight Crisis

Wht was Bismarck concerned about?

A

A newly assertive France and feared that, being Catholic, they might encourage Catholic opposition in Germany

60
Q

The War in Sight Crisis

The French did nothing to stop opposition of attacking the Kulturkampf policy, how did Bismarck react?

A

1874 Bismarck told France there would be a threat to peace if they sided with the Pope

61
Q

The War in Sight Crisis

What else was the German military concerned about?

A

The French Army Organisational Law (1873) number of French infantry battalions increased from 3 to 4

62
Q

The War in Sight Crisis

How many men fid the French therefore train which was estimated by the Germans?

A

800,000 men which was an increase of 80,000

63
Q

The War in Sight Crisis

What did the German military leader consider?

A

Possibility of a preventative war i.e. attacking the French before they had the chance to attack Germany

64
Q

The War in Sight Crisis

Bismarck decided to challenge France by building up pressure what happened on April 1875?

A
  • German newspaper (encouraged by Bismarck) published an article whcih painted a fearful picture of Catholic conspiracy
  • Claiming that France and Austria would unite against Germany
65
Q

The War in Sight Crisis

What followed from this published article?

A
  • Another article in ‘The Berlinier Post’ which asked ‘Is war in sight?’
  • Suggested that the German government believed there was
66
Q

The War in Sight Crisis

What type of impact did this press campaign have on France?

A

Put pressure on the French

67
Q

The War in Sight Crisis

Which famous individuals visited Germany?

A

Tsar Alexander II with the support of Queen Victoria for private talks with the Kaiser

68
Q

The War in Sight Crisis

What did the Russian Chancellor do?

A

Addressed the press that he felt peace was now assured

69
Q

The War in Sight Crisis

What pressure did Bismarck have?

A

Russia and Britain forced Bismarck to back down

70
Q

The War in Sight Crisis

Why did Bismarck feel humiliated?

A

The fact it seems the discussions between the Tsar and Kaiser had determined the direction of German policy, he was excluded from

71
Q

The War in Sight Crisis

What did ‘The War in Sight Crisis’ illustrate?

A
  • The power of Bismarck’s use of the press to mount political campaigns
  • Led to Bismarck avoiding speaking about Catholic conspiracies focused on diplomacy
  • There was increasing unease in Europe about the diplomatic goals of the new German nation
72
Q

What was the Declaration of Papal Infalliability (1870)?

A

Which declared that the Pope’s spiritual powers had authority over secular power in respect to the political allegiance of Catholics

Germany (6 decks)

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