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Germany > Booklet 2 > Flashcards

Booklet 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the SPD do in 1914?

A

4th August: SPD shows support for the war

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2
Q

What was the ‘silent dictatorship’?

A

1916, consisted of the leadership of Hindenburg and Ludendorff. They established as supreme political power in Germany

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3
Q

What type of ‘winter’ occurs between 1916-1917?

A

Turnip Winter - Germany undergoes severe famine

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4
Q

How many Berlin workers went on strike in 1917 against worsening conditions in Germany?

A

200,000

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5
Q

How many workers went on strike in Germany January 1918?

A

1 million workers

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6
Q

When does Prince Max of Baden become chancellor with a government appointed from Reichstag members for the first time?

A

October 3rd 1918

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7
Q

When did Prince Max announce the abdication of the Kaiser and hands power to which SPD leader?

A

9th November 1918

Friedrich Ebert

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8
Q

What coalition happens in 1918, and led to the signing of what shortly after?

A

Coalition between SPD/USPD the new government of Germany and Ebert signs the Ebert-Groener Pact

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9
Q

When does the Sparticus uprising begin but is crushed by who within 2 weeks?

A

1st January 1919 crushed by the Freikorps

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10
Q

What did the German government sign in 1919 as a sign to the end of WW1?

A

the Treaty of Versailles and is forced to accept the War Guilt Clause asserting German blame for the First World War

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11
Q

When was the new Weimar constitution passed by the Reichstag?

A

1919 August

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12
Q

What was the Burgfriede 1914?

A

A political truce, Burgfriede, was agreed between all the political parties and the laws for necessary loans to finance the war were passed unanimously

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13
Q

What positive impact did the war have on the German society?

A

The war united all classes in German society and even the Polish population of Germany (previously viewed as political enemies)

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14
Q

Several opportunities for what was turned down, the impact of the ‘silent dictatorship’?

A

A negotiated peace were turned down , the Auxiliary Service Law was introduced

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15
Q

What was the ‘Kreuznach Programme’?

A
  • It called for annexation of the Baltic region, all of Poland, Luxembourg, French coal and iron fields
  • Also wanted economic dominance over Belgium and territory from the country
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16
Q

What was the ‘Zimmerman Telegram’?

A

The British uncovered the Zimmerman telegram in 1917 which was a message from Germany to Mexico asking for a military alliance if USA joined the war

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17
Q

The ‘Zimmerman Programme’ combined with the Germans sinking the US ship the Lusitania in 1915 contributed to what? How many people were killed in the sinking of the Lusitania?

A

1,198 passengers killed, pushed the USA to join the war in April 1917

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18
Q

What did the revolution in Russia Feb 1917 inspire in Germany?

A

Calls for political reform

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19
Q

The Kaiser announced that once the war was over he would reform the Prussian political system, what was Bethmann’s view on this?, what did this become known as?

A
  • Wanted the Kaiser to go further but this was blocked by Ludendorff
  • The July Crisis 1917
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20
Q

As a result of Bethmann’s attempt to urge the Kaiser to go further with these reforms what happened?

A

In July 1917, Bethmann was forced to resign and Michaelis was appointed chancellor, someone who was incredibly weak or ignored by either Hindenburg or Ludendorff

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21
Q

What is Siegfriede 1917?

A

A victory peace, which would establish Germany’s supremacy in Europe

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22
Q

What are ‘The Kreuznach Programme’, ’The Zimmerman Telegram’, ‘The July Crisis’ and ‘The Siegfriede’ all examples of?

A

Examples of the roles of Hindenburg and Ludendorff

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23
Q

Main categories for the economic consequences of the war?

A
  • KRA
  • Labour
  • Finance
  • Food
  • Auxiliary Service Law
  • ‘Total War’
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24
Q

What percentage of the war finance was covered by taxation? (Finance)

A

16%

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25
Q

What made up for the rest of the war finance?

A

Printing money, causing hyperinflation and the value of the currency to plummet

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26
Q

What flourished due to the food shortages?

A

Black Market

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27
Q

What were the two economic weaknesses?

A

Government budget and provision of food both continued to be the economical weakness

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28
Q

What were some of the social consequences of the war?

A
  • Food and fuel shortages
  • Rural and urban divide
  • Civilian deaths
  • Infant mortality
  • The flu epidemic
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29
Q

What was Germany’s total war death?

A

1.8m

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30
Q

What % of Germany’s pigs did the government kill in 1915 to save on grain?

A

35%

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31
Q

Why was the 1916 winter nicknamed the ‘turnip winter’?

A

Because the failure of the potato crop forced the German people to rely heavily on turnips

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32
Q

Germany was dependent on import of what fraction of its food?

A

1/3

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33
Q

How many civilians died from starvation and hypothermia during the war?

A

750,000

34
Q

The number of infant deaths increased by over what % in the course of the war years?

A

50%

35
Q

How many people did the ‘Spanish Flu’ kill in 1918?

A

20-40m people

36
Q

Why did the SPD leader Hugo Haase (left) leave and felt like he could no longer lead the party?

A

Changed his view on supporting the war as the party had initially did

37
Q

What did most SPD members feel?

A

Felt that it was patriotic to support the war and was an act of treason to turn against the Kaiser

38
Q

In spite of the SPD supporting the war, how many members voted against and rejected the party line in 1915?

A

20 members

39
Q

Who replaced Hasse as SPD leader?

A

Friedrich Ebert (right) as leader of the SPD

40
Q

What did Hasse do in April 1917 relating to a new party?

A

Inspired by events in Russia and mass strikes in Berlin, formed the USPD with Hasse as its first leader

41
Q

Who were the USPD loosely associated with?

A

The extreme-left wing group, The Spartacus League formed by members who opposed the war from 1914 such as Rosa Luxemburg

42
Q

By Jan 1918 how many members did the USPD have?

A

120,000 and led strikes in the same month

43
Q

What deliberations did Erzberger use to make his concerns about the war know to the Reichstag?

A
  • When he visited Vienna he learnt that the Austro-Hungarian Emperor beloved they needed to remove their country from the war by the end of 1917
  • Erzberger was also concerned about the growing strength of his enemies
44
Q

How many speeches did Erzberger make and what did they set out?

A

2 speeches which set out detailed criticism of Germany’s situation in the war and his doubts

45
Q

Erzberger called for a ‘Peace Resolution’ what was this?

A

A peace without victory that would bring the war to an end without the achievement of the Kreuznach Programme

46
Q

What was the Kreuznach Programme?

A

A substantial plan for a massive expansion of German territorial and economic power of Germany had won the First World War

47
Q

The ‘Peace Resolution was approved in the Reichstag by a majority of how many votes?

A

86 votes

48
Q

Although Ludendorff and Hindenburg opposed the Peace Resolution what was their response?

A

Saw it as an excellent opportunity to push for the removal of Bethmann-Hollweg as a Chancellor

49
Q

The Chancellor Bethmann was removed but who was replaced him as Chancellor by who?

A

Ludendorff and Hindenburg forced the Kaiser to appoint Michaelis, a weak Chancellor whom they could easily control

50
Q

What was the SPD foreign policy?

A

Supported the policy of fulfilment - fulfil the treaty of Versailles

51
Q

What was ‘the blackest day of the German army’?

A

August 1918 at the Battle of Amiens 16,000 German soldiers were captured

52
Q

Ludendorff agreed the war was lost and the military should do what?

A

Implement a ‘revolution from above’ to prevent the monarch being swept away by a ‘revolution from below’

53
Q

What was the ‘stab in the back myth’?

A

German citizens developed strong conspiracies that their war efforts had been ruined by internal forces

54
Q

On 3rd October, 1918 Prince Max was made what?

A

Chancellor

55
Q

Prince Max formed a government consisting of what parties?

A

Members from the SPD, the Z party and the Progressives under instruction from Ludendorff

56
Q

What were the main reasons for Ludendorff’s change of tactics in 1918?

A
  • Terrified of revolution, moderate change would prevent this
  • President Wilson suggested that democratic reform in Germany might help with more favourable armistice terms now that the Allies had won the war
57
Q

What were some reforms Prince Max introduced?

A
  • Abolished the Prussian three-class franchise (this had meant that a wealthy person’s vote was worth 17.5% more than a poor person’s vote)
  • Kaiser lost control of the army and navy
  • The chancellor and government were made accountable to the Reichstag, not Kaiser
58
Q

Why did Ludendorff resign?

A

Failed to convince the Kaiser and the military to continue with the unrestricted submarine warfare

59
Q

What impact had Prince Max’s reform have?

A

Seems to have set the ball rolling and inadvertently led to a ‘revolution from below’

60
Q

When was the first naval mutiny?

A

Broke out on 29th Oct 1918 but was suppressed. 600 sailors were imprisoned

61
Q

On 4th Nov over how many sailors mutinied and seized control of ships?

A

100,000

62
Q

What was Eberts role during the ‘Revolution from Below’?

A

Informed Prince Max that only a democratic government could end protests.

63
Q

What happened on the 9th Nov referring to Prince Max and Ebert?

A

Price Max announced the Kaiser had abdicated and that he would hand power over to the first civilian chancellor, Ebert

64
Q

What did leaders of the SPD (Ebert and Schiedemann) believe, which was opposed by the USPD?

A

That the working class would come to power via the ballot box

65
Q

What was ‘The Council of People’s Commisars’?

A

Was formed which the SPD and USPD held 3 seats each

66
Q

On 10th November a meeting…

A

…of representatives from the workers’, soldiers and sailors’ councils voted to accept the authority of this ‘council of peoples commissars’

67
Q

What famous pact was introduced 10th November?

A

The Ebert-Groener Pact. Groener, the head of the armed forces agreed to support the government of Ebert in return the government would support the armed forces to preserve discipline and oppose any attempts at revolutionary uprising

68
Q

Why was the Ebert-Groener pact questionable?

A

Because of Ebert’s political views (left-wing) this pact is seen to be right-wing response

69
Q

What agreement was made on the 15th November?

A

Deal with the industrialists.

In return for full legal recognition, the unions agreed not to interfere with private ownership and the free market

70
Q

When did the Spartacists split with the USPD and formed what party?

A
  • 5th January

- KDP (German Communist Party)

71
Q

The KDP were under the leadership of who?

A

Karl Liebnecht and Rosa Luxemburg

72
Q

What are the aspects of the Weimar Constitution?

A
  • President
  • Reichstag
  • Elections
  • Chancellor and government
  • Article 48
73
Q

Aspects the the President in the new Weimar Constitution?

A
  • Elected every 7 years
  • Appointed the Chancellor
  • Dissolve the Reichstag
  • Only in emergencies were able to ignore the constitution and suspend rights
74
Q

Aspects of the Reichstag in the new Weimar Constitution?

A
  • Men and Women allowed to vote at 20 in elections
  • Every 4 years there were Reichstag elections
  • Proportional Representation used
75
Q

Aspects of elections in the new Weimar Constitution?

A
  • 60,000 votes = 1 seat

- Coalition governments were usually the result

76
Q

Aspects of the Chancellor and government in the new Weimar Constitution?

A
  • Chancellor leader of the biggest party

- Proposed laws for the Reichstag to vote on

77
Q

Aspects of Article 48 in the new Weimar Constitution?

A
  • Used in case of emergencies to use the armed forces without consent of the Reichstag.
  • To restore public safety and order
78
Q

According to the Treaty of Versailles how many reparations was Germany asked to pay?

A

£6.6 billion to pay back in raw materials and gold

79
Q

According to the Treaty of Versailles how many soldiers, seamen, battleships, jeeps, machines and everything else were Germany allowed to have?

A

100,000 soldiers
15,000 seamen
6 battleships
0 jeeps, machines and everything else

80
Q

According to the Treaty of Versailles what was the war clause 231?

A

For Germany to accept they were responsible for WW1 and Ebert decided to accept blame

Germany (6 decks)

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