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An Sc 377 > Social Behaviour > Flashcards

Social Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

Advantages of group living

A

Dilute risk of predation (dilution may be shared unequally among group members)
Defense of vulnerable young
Detect danger more reliably or quickly
More efficient food detection (but need to share)

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2
Q

What is mutualistic behaviour

A

Both the ‘actor’ and the ‘recipient’ of the behaviour benefit

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3
Q

What is selfish behaviour

A

Actor benefits, recipient experiences a cost

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4
Q

What is altruistic behaviour

A

Actor experiences a cost, recipient benefits

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5
Q

What is an altruistic act

A

One that involves some cost to the individual in terms of reduced fitness but increases the fitness of one or more other individuals

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6
Q

What is reciprocal altruism

A

Altruistic act by A directed towards B is followed by some equivalent act by B directed towards A
e.g. allogrooming

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7
Q

Two common ways in which altruism can be selected for

A

Kin selection
Reciprocation

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8
Q

What is kin selection? E.g.?

A

Heritable altruistic behaviour persists when they benefit the individual’s relatives
e.g. bees, wasps, ants

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9
Q

What is reciprocation

A

Altruism between non-relatives under conditions that allow for reciprocation

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10
Q

When do we expect to see reciprocation

A

Where social networks are stable enough for individuals to encounter one another frequently, individuals are identifiable, prevents cheaters from exploiting

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11
Q

Two basic types of defense mechanisms

A

Primary defense mechanisms: operate regardless of whether or not there is a predator in the vicinity (preventative)

Secondary: used when a predator is detected, is predicted, or “occurs”

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12
Q

Examples of primary defense mechanisms

A

Hiding in holes
Timing of activities to minimize chance of detection by predator
Maintaining vigilance to maximize chance of predator detection

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13
Q

Examples of secondary defense mechanisms

A

Withdrawal to a safe retreat
Flight and evasion
Use of a display that deters attack
Feigning death (freeze)
Beh that deflects attack
Retaliation (biting, fighting)

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14
Q

Do goats faint?

A

No, stress response, freeze response, not actually fainting

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15
Q

Controlled vs uncontrolled flight

A

Controlled = animals follow their normal “travelling” order, high ranking female often leads
Uncontrolled = panic, no commitment to order, more dangerous stimuli was sensed

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16
Q

What is competition? Is not always…

A

situation where individuals seek to obtain the same resources
Does not need to be physical confrontation, may be fastest, cleverest, strongest that wins

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17
Q

What is agonistic behaviour

A

Includes all forms of beh by an animal associated with conflict with another animal
Varies between species

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18
Q

When is aggression seen

A

Mostly seen when groups of animals are first formed (dominance hierarchy being formed)

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19
Q

Agonistic behaviour embodies…

A

Many of the behavioural activities of fight-or-flight and those of aggressive AND PASSIVE behaviour

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20
Q

What are the fighting ABCs

A

A: subtle cues given to ward off an attack (prevent; look big)
B: active fighting (bites to head/neck in pigs, biting, kicking, rearing in horses, vocalizations)
C: losing the fight (losing animal puts distance btw itself and other)

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21
Q

What is the critical distance in fighting? Varies with…

A

Outside of it, an animal is less likely to attack
Varies depending on temperament, experience, competition for resources

22
Q

What is social submission

A

Varies from slight head depression with movement away from the stimulus, to assuming recumbency and refusing to rise (similar beh to sick animal)

23
Q

What is flight distance

A

Radius of space within which the animal will not voluntarily permit the intrusion of man or other animals that might be dangerous without escaping

24
Q

How does flight distance vary in domesticated animals

A

Flight distance to man shrinks with appropriate husbandry, human socialization

25
Q

Reactions to flight radius intrusion…

A

startle, alarm, fight or flight, vocalization

26
Q

What is the home range

A

Area that the animal learns thoroughly and that it habitually uses
May contain “core” area = heaviest regular use

27
Q

What is territory

A

Area within home range that is defended by fighting or by demarcation, other individuals detect the mark or other signal is a deterrent to entry

28
Q

What is individual space

A

Social space
Minimum distance within which approach elicits attack or avoidance (bubble around animal, similar to flight distance)

29
Q

E.g. of animal avoiding or selecting a type of space

A

Dairy cows in milking parlour show preference for one milking stall or one side of milking parlour

30
Q

What is association

A

Animal may choose to remain close to certain other individuals
e.g. mother and offspring, mating pairs, siblings

31
Q

Spacing falls into two general categories:

A
  1. individual space, moves with individual (dynamic)
  2. home range and territory, reffering to static area used by animal
32
Q

What does spacing of the members of a social group depend on

A

Activities of the group members
e.g. special circumstances related to sexual, maternal or aggressive behaviours

33
Q

Quantitative vs qualitative spatial needs

A

Quantitative = related to space occupation, social distance, flight distance, and actual territory
Qualitative = related to space-dependent activities such as eating, body cares, exploration, kinetics, social behaviours

34
Q

Why do we need to quantify spatial needs

A

Need to quantify space allowance for different activities (e.g. how much space does a dairy cow need to lay down/stand up = stall length)

35
Q

How is space allowance used incorrectly?

A

It is not two dimensional, it is 3D? ***slide 26

Floor pressure kg/m^2
Floor area m^2
Loading/stocking density m^3

36
Q

When are animals said to be crowded? May lead to…

A

Groups of individuals whose movements are restricted by the physical presence of others
High density of animals
May lead to aggression, avoidance, fighting

37
Q

When are animals said to be overcrowded

A

If a high social density causes adverse effects on the fitness of individuals (morbidity, mortality)

38
Q

What is the physical structure of social organization

A

The size of the group and its physical composition in respect to age, sex and degrees of relatedness of group members

39
Q

What is social structure of social organization

A

All of the relationships among individuals in the group and their consequences for spatial distribution and behavioural interactions

40
Q

What is group cohesion of social organization

A

Duration of association of the members of the group and the frequency of fission in which one or more members leave the group

41
Q

What is the hierachy

A

Order of individuals or groups of individuals in a social group, based upon some ability or characteristic (e.g. size, age, weight)
Winning fights, displacing individuals

42
Q

Despot vs linear peck order hierarchies

A

Despot = only two levels (one alpha, others)
Linear peck order = series of levels A>B>C>D

43
Q

Stability of social relationships require 4 critera:

A
  1. Recognition between individual animals
  2. Established social positions
  3. Memory of social encounters that establish social status
  4. Memory of observations of the behaviour of social group members (cattle can remember 50-70)
44
Q

When does a stable social hierarchy form? Benefits?

A

When a group has been together for some time
Results in maximum bonding, minimum aggression

45
Q

When is social dominance exerted

A

Over access to resources (feed, mates, etc)

46
Q

Leader vs initiator vs controller in a group

A

Leader = individual that is in front during an orderly group progression (controlled flight)

Initiator = individual that is the first to react in a way which elicits a new group activity

Controller = individual that determines whether or not a new group activity occurs, when it happens, and which activity it is

47
Q

Who is typically the leader in sheep

A

An older ewe

48
Q

What is social facilitation? e.g.

A

The activity of certain individuals - rapidly followed by the majority - seems to direct behavioural policy for all
e.g. stampedes, migrations

49
Q

What is allelomimetic behaviour

A

All animals doing the same thing at the same time

50
Q

Social facilitation is more likely when there is… (5 criteria)

A
  1. Adequate association
  2. Ability to communicate and react
  3. A potential for mimicking activities
  4. Similarity of motivational state
  5. Suppression of intra-species aggression

An Sc 377 (19 decks)

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