Social Area studies Flashcards
1
Q
Milgram - Aim, Sample, Method
A
Aim:
- To investigate the process of obedience and how far an individual will go in obeying an authority figure even if it violates the moral code of not hurting others
Sample:
- 40 men from the New Haven Area
- Self-selected and participants were paid $4.50 upon arrival to Yale University
Method:
- Controlled observation as there is no IV
2
Q
Milgram - Procedure (3)
A
- 40 participants were always the teacher role given through a fixed lottery. They got to see the learner with electrodes attached to his arms and they were also given a 45 volt shock to simulate genuineness
- The learner was a 47 year old male accountant and he had predetermined response and gave approximately 3 wrong answers to every correct answer and at 300 volts he pounded on the wall and gave no further replies
- The study went on until the participant disobeyed or reached 450 volts and they were debriefed after
3
Q
Milgram - Results (2) & Conclusion
A
- 26/40 went to 450 volts and obeyed whereas 14 did disobeyed
- Participants showed levels of extreme stress with 3 having full-blown uncontrollable seizures
Inhumane acts can be done by ordinary people
4
Q
Milgram Controls (3)
A
- They were also given a 45 volt shock to simulate genuineness
- The learner was a 47 year old male accountant and he had predetermined response and gave approximately 3 wrong answers to every correct answer and at 300 volts he pounded on the wall and gave no further replies
- The experimenter gave the teacher standardised prods anytime he was looked saying “Please continue” “Please go on”
5
Q
Bocchario - Aim, Sample and Method
A
Aim:
- To investigate the rates of obedience, disobedience and whistleblowing
Sample:
- 149 undergraduate students (96 women, 53 men)
- 138 comparison students from The VU University
- Self selected sampling
Method:
- Controlled observation/Laboratory/scenario study as there was no IV
6
Q
Bocchario - Procedure (3)
A
- 8 pilot tests involving 92 undergraduates from VU university were conducted to make sure study was credible and morally acceptable and p’s told that they had the right to withdraw at anytime without a penalty
- They gave the cover story about sensory deprivation and the horrible effects it had and said they wanted to replicate this study at VU university to get some data on young people
- Participants were then moved to a second room where there was a computer (to write their statement), a mailbox and Research Committee forms
7
Q
Bocchario - Results (2) and Conclusion
A
- In Comparison group most people though they would whistleblow whereas in experimental group the vast majority obeyed
- Qualitative data - people disobeyed - “I disobeyed because I felt responsible towards friends”
People tend to obey authority figures, even if they are unjust
8
Q
Bocchario - Controls (3)
A
- Each participant was greeted by a male Dutch experimenter who was formally dressed and had a stern demeanour who presented the cover story
- Participants had to write letters to help convince them to do the study. Experimenter left for 3 minutes to let them make their decision
- Experimenter left them for 7 minutes after telling them to begin
9
Q
Piliavin - Aim, Sample, Method
A
Aim:
- To investigate the effect of several factors on helping behaviour
Sample:
- 4450 people on the New York subway at 11am to 3pm
Method:
- Field Experiment in New York
- 3 IVs :
- Type of victim = cane/drunk - Race of victim = black/white - Effect of model = coming in after 70 seconds or 150 seconds
- 6 DVs:
- Speed of help - Frequency of help - Sex of help - Race of helper - Movement out of critical area - Verbal comments made by a bystander
10
Q
Piliavin - Procedure (3)
A
- The victim stood near a pole in the critical area then after 70 seconds, he staggered forward and collapsed
- Drunk held a liqour bottle in a brown bag, cane victim had a black cane
- There were more cane victim trials than drunk victim trials because students didn’t like playing the drunk
11
Q
Piliavin - Results (3) and Conclusion
A
- Cane victim received more spontaneous and overall help than drunk victim
- females were heard saying “I wish I could help, but I’m just not strong enough”
- Slight tendency for same race to help the drunk victim
Bystanders conduct a cost-reward analysis before deciding to help a victim
12
Q
Piliavin - Controls (2)
A
- The victim stood near a pole in the critical area then after 70 seconds, he staggered forward and collapsed
- Cane victim - black cane, drunk victim - held a liqour bottle in a brown bag
13
Q
Levine - Aim, Sample, Method
A
Aim:
- To determine if a city’s tendency to offer non-emergency help to strangers is stable across situations over a wide range of cultures
Method:
- Correlation and used these co-variables:
- Whether the victim dropped a pen - Whether the victim had an injured leg - Whether the victim was blind trying to cross the street
Sample:
- Participants were the large cities in each of the 23 countries
- For dropped pen condition, people not walking alone, children, the physically disabled, very old and people carrying packages were excluded
14
Q
Levine - Procedure (3) which are also the controls
A
- All experimenters were college age and neatly dressed and were all men to avoid gender effects
- All experimenters received a detailed information sheet and practised together to ensure standardisation
- Dropped pen - Walked at standardised 15 paces/10 seconds, Injured Leg - Walking with a limp and an obvious leg brace. Blind guy - Dressed in dark glasses carrying white canes
15
Q
Levine - Results (2) and Conclusion
A
- No significant difference in helping behaviour for gender
- Simpatia countries were on average more helpful than Non-simpatia countries
There are large cross-cultural variations of helping behaviours
