Developmental Area studies Flashcards
Bandura - Aim, Sample and Method
Aim:
- To investigate the extent to which children imitate aggression modelled by an adult
Sample:
- 72 children from Stanford University Nursery School (36 boys, 36 girls)
- Aged 37-69 months and from California, USA
Method:
- Lab experiment using an independent measures design, matched pairs design.
- Structured observation
- 3 IVs:
- Aggressive or non-aggressive model - Male/female model - Male/female child
DV - Amount of imitative behaviour and aggression shown by child in phase three
Bandura - Procedure (4)
- Participants pre-rated for aggression on 4 five-point rating scales by the experimenter and the Nursery school teacher
- Children were taken to a room to play with potato prints and potato stickers for 10 minutes where they were exposed to an aggressive or non-aggressive model
- To subject the children to mild aggression arousal all children taken to anteroom where they were allowed to play with very attractive toys but after 2 minutes they were taken away as they “were reserved for other children” -
- Children taken to third room which contained aggressive and non-aggressive toys and observed for 20 minutes through a one way mirror
Bandura - Results (2) and Conclusion
- Children in the aggressive condition showed significantly more imitative physical and verbal aggressive behaviour than children in the non-aggressive model condition or control
- Boys imitated male models more for physical aggression and girls imitated female models more for verbal aggression
Children will imitate aggressive/non-aggressive behaviours displayed by adult models even if the model is no longer present
Bandura - Control
All children taken to anteroom where they were allowed to play with very attractive toys but after 2 minutes they were taken away as they “were reserved for other children” - This was to subject the children to mild aggression arousal
Chaney - Aim, Sample, Method
Aim:
- To show that the use of the Funhaler can provide positive reinforcement which leads to improved adherence in young asthmatics
Sample:
- 32 children from Perth, Australia with mean age of 3.2 years
Method:
- Field experiment with repeated measures design
- IV - use of standard inhaler or Funhaler
- DV - Amount of adherence to the prescribed medical regime
Chaney - Procedure (3)
- Comparison of aerosol output of standard inhaler and Funhaler was done to make sure there was no significant differences and not affecting the child’s health
- Matched questionnaires, and phone interviews were done asking if the child was medicated with the Funhaler the day before
- Funhaler had incentive toys (a spinner and a whistle)
Chaney - Results (2) and Conclusion
- More parents always successful in medicating their child with the Funhaler compared to with the standard inhaler
- More parents had medicated their child the day before with Funhaler compared with standard inhaler
The use of incentive toys on medical things is helpful in children’s health
Chaney - Controls (2)
- Funhaler had incentive toys (a spinner and a whistle)
- Participants approached in their homes and did a questionnaire on their normal inhaler
Kohlberg - Aim, Sample, Method
Aim:
- To find evidence for moral development
Sample:
- 75 American boys studied from 10-16 to 22-28 years old
- Children from Canada, UK, Turkey, Taiwan and Mexico also studied
Method:
- Longitudinal study following the same group of boys for 12 years studied at 4 three year intervals
- Tested other cultures as well so it also counts as cross-cultural quasi experiment
Kohlberg - Procedure (3) which are also the controls
- At age 10 asked “is it better to save the life of one important person or a lot of unimportant people”
- Aged 13,16,20 and 24 asked “should the doctor mercy kill a fatally ill woman requesting death because of her pain”
- Taiwanese and other cultures asked if a man should steal food to feed his wife that is starving to death
Kohlberg - Results (2) and Conclusion
- Not all participants progressed through all stage and reached stage 6
- Taiwanese boys aged 10-13 tended to give ‘classic’ Stage-2 responses.
Each stage of moral development comes one at a time and always in the same order
Lee - Aim, Sample and Method
Aim:
- To investigate cross cultural differences in children’s understandings and moral evaluation of lying
Sample:
- 120 Chinese children and 108 Canadian children
Method:
- Cross cultural study
- laboratory experiment which used an independent measures design
- IVs:
- whether the participant heard the social story or the physical story - whether the participant heard (prosocial) stories or (antisocial) stories
- DVs:
- rating given to the story character’s deed (ranging between very, very good and very, very naughty) - rating given to what the character said (verbal statement) (ranging between very, very good and very, very naughty).
Lee - Procedure (2)
- Participants were read four scenarios accompanied by illustrations, two prosocial, two antisocial
- Participants were told about the meaning of the words and the symbols for rating the deeds and verbal statements on a 7-point rating chart.
Lee - Controls (2)
- The meaning of each symbol was repeated every time a question was asked.
- The words ‘good’ and ‘naughty’, in the two questions were altered within subjects.
Lee - Results (2) and Conclusion
- Same as conclusion
- P’s explained that lie telling was rated positively in the pro-social situation because you shouldn’t own up to doing a good deed
Chinese children rate truth telling in prosocial situations less positively and lie telling in the same situations less negatively than Canadian children.
