Social and Political Change Flashcards
1
Q
What was the election result in 1972?
A
Landslide victory for Nixon against George McGovern - most decisive victory in American History
2
Q
What was the economic situation in 1972?
A
Nixon recession - floats the dollar on the exchange and takes the dollar off the gold standard
3
Q
What did Nixon do?
A
End the draft, desegregated all souther schools
4
Q
What environment did Nixon create?
A
Paranoid atmosphere in the white house - surrounded himself with “the presidents men”
5
Q
How many republicans got caught in the Watergate scandal?
A
5
6
Q
What does CREEP stand for?
A
Committee for the Re-election of the President
7
Q
What did the republicans do?
A
Wire tap and burgle the Watergate building - the headquarters for the Democrat Campaign
8
Q
Was wire tapping unusual?
A
No - both parties had done these things - the issue was them getting caught
9
Q
What does Nixon do in response to Wategate?
A
Lies and creates a cover up
10
Q
Who was John Dean?
A
A white house council - found out about the “completed investigation” when Nixon announced it on TV
11
Q
Who were the burglars connected to?
A
FBI and CIA
12
Q
What happens to Nixon?
A
Resigns after two years and an impeachment trial
13
Q
Who kept the scandal alive?
A
The Post
14
Q
What did the burglars receive?
A
Hush money from the White House - obstruction of justice but Nixon was more concerned with staying in power
15
Q
Who were found guilty for the bugging and conspiracy?
A
McCord and Liddy
16
Q
What was the McCord letter?
A
Alludes to the obstruction of justice
17
Q
What did Dean tell Nixon?
A
There is a cancer on his presidency
18
Q
What did Dean do?
A
Knew he was going to be the scapegoat of the scandal and broke rank to the prosecutors
19
Q
What was the Saturday Night Massacre?
A
Nixon fires the AG for not firing Special Prosecutor Cox, then fires the Deputy AG and then has the SG Bork to fire Cox
20
Q
What was revealed that there were?
A
Tapes - Nixon was forced to hand them over - obstruction of justice
21
Q
Why did Agnew resign?
A
Tax evasion and corruption
22
Q
When did Nixon resign?
A
8th August 1973
23
Q
What was the significance of Watergate?
A
Led to distrust in the government
24
Q
What does Watergate distract from?
A
Other disastrous policies - Cambodia
25
What does Watergate reinforce?
Reinforces the idea of "Washington" - i.e. Big Government - conspiracies regarding the federal government.
26
What does Watergate show the value of?
Investigative journalism
27
What else does Watergate reinforce?
Nothing has been good since JFK
28
What began to grow as a result of Watergate?
Nostalgia for the early 60s
29
How did Ford restore trust in the Presidency?
Reputation for honesty
Less imperial style of president
Wasn't involved in Watergate
30
What was different about Ford?
Only president not to have been elected
31
How was Ford normal?
Waved to press as he picks up own newspaper in PJs.
Relatable - pushed into pool by wife.
32
What was Ford the first president to do?
Testify before Congress
33
What was Ford's relationship with the media?
Difficult
34
What happened that impacted US' reputation?
Fall of South Vietnam and Cambodia and Laos to communism
35
What economic challenges did Ford have?
High inflation and unemployment
36
What did Ford do to undermine the change in trust?
He pardoned Nixon in Sept 1975
37
How was Carter a change in presidency?
Didn't use the limo
Peanut Farmer
Casual Clothes
Attends council meetings - unpretentious, homely style
38
What did Carter want to be called?
JIMMY
39
What was the group of advisors for Jimmy called?
George Mafia
40
What did Jimmy struggle with?
Relationship with Congress and the media
41
What was Jimmy the first president to do?
Run on a successful environmental platform
42
What economic issues did Jimmy have?
Stagflation
43
What led to oil prices rising fourfold?
Yom Kippur War
44
How much did inflation and interest rise to?
13% and 20%
45
When was the Iranian Revolution and Hostage crisis?
1979
46
What happened in Nov 1979?
US embassy being surrounded = 444 days
47
When did the rescue mission fail?
April 1980
48
What was the aftermath of the failed escape mission?
Sinnus Vance resigns and holds Carter personally responsible.
49
When was the Afghanistan invasion from the USSR?
27th December 1979
50
What did Jimmy do for the Olympics?
Boycott the Moscow Olympics
51
When was the Three Mile Nuclear crisis?
1979
52
What happened in 1978?
Love Canal
53
What does Jimmy get legislation for?
Cut on pollution, national parks - adds to interparty conflict.
54
What intraparty conflict was there?
Unions
55
What was the conservative backlash?
Reagan = no problem of pollution in California. Michigan feels threatened by environmentalism - unite with other states.
56
When was the Sagebush rebellion?
1979-81
57
How much did oil prices rise in 1974?
387%
58
What % of oil did the US import?
30%
59
What kind of cars did Americans have?
Gas Guzzlers
60
Why was car manufacturing in decline?
Foreign competition - especially from Germany and JAPAN
61
What did the decline of the car industry lead to?
Job loss
62
What was the federal deficit in 1965?
$1.6 billion
63
What was the federal deficit in 1965?
$25.3 billion
64
What agreement did Nixon pull out of?
Breton Woods agreement - leads to inflation, higher interest rates
65
What did the price of oil spike to?
1972: $60 per barrel
1978: $108 per barrel
66
When does poverty rate amongst African Americans peak?
1966
67
What level does it stay at?
Above 30%
68
What was the car production in 1975?
6 million
69
What does the price level increase to in 1980?
1600
70
What do wages decline to by 1980?
115 to 100
71
How long does it take to save for a house?
Rises from 2.4 years in 1970 ti 3.8 years
72
What happens to the number of children per women?
Declines from 4.5 to 3.75
73
How much did prices for basic goods rise by?
2.4 times
74
What does manufacturing value as a percentage of GDP fall to?
25% to just over 20% in 1980
75
How many families have both spouses working?
60%
76
What stays stagnant?
Income inequality
77
What does poverty remain at?
12%
78
What is the rise in population?
10% - 25 million
79
What happened to the price of oil after the Islamic revolution in 1979?
Price of oil doubled
80
What did Ford do?
Indirect measures - WIN - Whip Inflation Now - eco things - car pool so we don't use as much fuel
81
What did he do in 1974/5?
Cut federal spending
82
What did Carter do?
1975 Earned income tax Credit.
1977 Public Works Act.
1977 National Energy Plan and Department for Energy.
1978 Deregulation of air, lorry and communication industries.
1979 Promoted the pursuit of Synthetic fuels.
83
What happened to the cost of living between 1968 and 1978?
Doubled
84
What was inflation at by 1980?
13% - up from 5% in 1977
85
What were interest rates at?
20%
86
What did the cost of a postage stamp rise by between 1974 and 1981?
8c to 20c
87
How much did a McDonalds Burger cost?
1967 - 15c
1981 - 50c
88
What did US standard of living fall to?
Fifth in the world
89
What was there a drop in?
Investment and house buying
90
How many people believed that inflation was a permanent feature of the US economy?
90%
91
How many people considered inflation to be their greatest concern in 1978?
63%
92
What did US GNP drop by in the first three quarters of 1973?
2.5%
93
What was unemployment at in 1978?
10%
94
How much did industrial productivity rise between 1972 and 1978?
1%
95
How much did productivity rise between 1972 and 1978 in Japan and Germany?
4-5%
96
Where did the Rust Belt emerge?
New York and Michigan - relocated industry for cheap industry
97
What proportion of manufacturing jobs were in the Northeast and Midwest?
1967 - 2/3
98
Where did industry move to?
Sun Belt - Texas and California
99
How many women worked in 1960?
38%
100
How many women worked in 1970?
43%
101
How many women worked in 1980?
52%
102
Why did Ford's policies fail?
Voluntary rather than compulsory - issues required more radical solutions
103
What was the heating limit?
18 degrees in the winter, 26 for the AC
104
What happened in 1974-1975?
Recession - unemployment at 11%
105
How much was the public works programme?
$4 billion
106
What did the public works programme include?
Earned Income Tax Credit - tax credits for low income working families with children
107
What was the Humphrey Hawkins Bill supported by?
Trade Union organisation AFL-CIO
108
What did the AFL-CIO claim?
Claimed to allow the federal government to protect workers' jobs at times of economic recession by becoming the employer
109
What did the National Energy Plan in 1977 do?
Deregulation of gas production
110
What was created?
Department of energy - promoted the conservation of domestic oil reserves and speed limits to reduce fuel consumption
111
What did the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 do?
Abolished the Civil Aeronautics board to create greater competition - also implemented for lorry and communications industries
112
What was unemployment at in 1980?
7.5%
113
What was mortgage rate at?
15%
114
How many people were supported by welfare?
21 million people by 1980
115
When was the NEP passed by Congress?
1978
116
How much did US energy consumption fall by by 1983?
10%
117
What did inflation rise by in 1978?
6% to 10%
118
What did the Economic Report of the President in 1979 suggest?
Voluntary controls of prices and wages - failed to control inflation - losing faith in the democrats.
119
Who did the Clean Air Act effect?
Northern states - Rust Belt against environmentalism because of lack of industrialism
120
What was the intraparty conflict in the dems?
Middle class liberals vs blue-collar workers
121
What was Love Canal?
Foul smelling industrial waste in the canal that caused birth defects amongst residents
122
How much was the Superfund to clear up the sites?
$1 billion dollars
123
What was the Three Mile Island incident?
Biggest nuclear disaster in American history - power stations continued to operate but they didn’t build any more. Lead to the evacuation of 140,000 people
124
How many environmental bills did Carter pass?
14 - but couldn't fulfil them - energy campaign shut down
125
What was the Tellico Dam?
Opposed by environmentalists
Taken to the Supreme Court under the Endangered Species Act.
126
What was Ford's TSCA in 1976 seen as?
Regarded as one of the biggest failures of environmental policy as it ineffectively regulated the use of chemicals by industries.
127
What did federal minimum wage rise from and to in 1981?
$2.10 in 1975 to $3.35
128
What % of jobs were manufacturing in Philly in 1951?
46%
129
What had this fallen to in 1977?
24%
130
What was introduced in California?
Proposition 13 - reduced state taxes by 57% - impact on state welfare
131
How much did car imports rise by?
33%
132
How many car workers were laid off in 1974?
224,000
133
How much was the Chrysler bailout?
$1.3 billion
134
What was the national game until 1960?
Baseball
135
What were baseball players?
Household names - made by newspapers and radios
136
What became the major medium for sports in the 1970s?
Television
137
What did the television lead to for sports?
Wider range of sports was broadcasted - attracted business sponsorship and revenue
138
What sports became more popular?
Basketball, boxing, motor racing and golf
139
What sport benefitted the most from TV?
American Football
140
What was football before 1960s?
University based
141
Which universities attracted home audiences?
Notre Dame
142
Who had sell out shows in 1962?
University of Nebraska
143
How big was the Nebraska stadium?
86,000
144
Who was appointed the head of the NFL in 1960?
Pete Rozelle
145
What was the TV deal with CBS worth?
$9.3 million
146
What became a national institution?
Weekly Monday Night NFL game
147
What became an important marketing platform for business?
NFL advertising
148
What was the main source of NFL revenue in 1960s?
Ticket sales
149
What was the main source of NFL revenue in 1980?
Television revenues
150
What became an unofficial national holiday?
Super Bowl day
151
What was the audience for the Redskins vs Dolphins game in 1973?
53 million
152
How much did a 30 sec ad cost for the 1973 super bowl?
$88,000
153
What was the TV audience for the 1980 Super Bowl?
76 million
154
What was was the ad revenue for a 30 second ad in 1980?
$222,0000
155
What was the average NFL wage in 1970?
$23,000
156
What was the average wage in 1975?
$56,000
157
What was the average NFL wage in 1980?
$75,000
158
Who did the NBA sign a contract with?
ESPN and USA Network
159
Which NBA players became household names?
Larry Bird and Magic Johnson
160
How much was Magic Johnson's contract?
$25 million a year
161
What did Coke sponsor?
1978 World Cup in Argentina
162
What did Coke sponsor in the US?
NASCAR, Basketball and American Football - so did Pepsi
163
Who sponsored the National Hockey League Stadium?
Coors
164
What was a key sponsor for NFL?
Anheuser-Busch
165
What was music like before the 1960s?
Ballad Singing - Frank Sinatra and Elvis
166
Who grew in popularity in the US?
Beatles and Rolling Stones
167
Who did they match the success of?
Beach Boys, the Grateful Dead and the Doors.
168
Who were popular solo artists?
Joan Baez, Janis Joplin and John B. Sebastien
169
What did Woodstock lead to?
The rise in music festivals across the US
170
What did Motown evolve into?
Soul and Funk
171
Where did Dance Music develop?
Discos and Clubs - replaced dance halls
172
What was the peak of Disco?
Saturday Night Fever 1977 – John Travolta and the Bee Gees become international stars
173
What became cool?
Male Disco Dancing
174
Where did Prog rock develop from?
Rock bands of the 1960s
175
What did prog rock experiment with?
Classical music and opera
176
Examples of influences?
Pink Floyd, Queen and ELO
177
What bands were prog rock in USA?
Grand Funk Railroad and Kansas
178
What was one of the most significant developments of music?
Punk and Heavy Metal
179
Who influenced punk music?
Sex Pistols – one of their best known tracks was a punk version of "God Save the Queen"
180
What was the culture around punk music?
Drug and Alcohol - aiming to shock - deliberately contrasting popular music of the time
181
Example of Punk?
Ramones
182
What song did Blondie write?
Heart of Glass
183
Example of Heavy Metal?
Grand Funk Railroad
184
Where did Funk and Soul originate?
Northern America
185
Who was Funk and Soul influenced by?
James Brown
186
What did funk use?
Electronic sounds associated with drug culture
187
Examples of funk bands?
Sly and the Family Stone, Kool and the Gang and Earth, Wind and Fire
188
Who was a more family friendly group?
Jackson 5
189
Where did Hip Hop begin?
Harlem
190
What culture inspired Hip Hop?
Black urban youth culture – rapping, beatboxing and breakdancing.
191
Who was Gil Scott-Heron?
Street Poet - politically conscious
192
Where did Hip Hop spread to by the late 1970s?
Urban centres
193
Example of hip hop?
The Sugarhill Gang's "Rapper's Delight"
194
What was folk pop associated with
Associated with Bob Dylan, Joni Mitchell, Joan Baez and Carly Simon.
195
What was folk pop linked to?
Protest movement
196
Example of later folk artists?
Crosby, Stills and Nash and later included Neil Young.
197
What did most popular films offer in the 1970s?
Escapism from the problems in the USA
198
What film dominated the 1975 Oscars?
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest - black comedy set in a mental hospital
199
What film encapsulated the American Dream?
Rocky and its sequels
200
What did Hollywood begin to deal with at the end of the decade?
Vietnam
201
Example of Vietnam War films?
The Deer Hunter - best picture in 1978
Coming Home - Best Actor for Jon Voight 1978
202
What was a very brutal and realistic depiction of the Vietnam War?
Francis Ford Coppola's Apocalypse Now
203
What had Coppola gained fame for?
The Godfather
204
What was an important theme in TV?
Nostalgia
205
When did the Waltons run?
1971 to 1981 - lives in the Appalachia
206
When did Little House on the Prairie run?
1974 - 1983 - rose tinted part of idyllic fammily life
207
Which soap began in 1963?
General Hospital
208
What became a popular TV show?
Dallas - oil rich family Ewings - who killed J.R.
209
What was the most watched comedy in the 1970s?
MASH - Korean War but had heavy messages about the Vietnam war
210
What was the most significant drama in the 1970s?
Roots - 1977 - Slavery
211
What was the daily circulation of newspapers in 1973?
26 million
212
What was the daily circulation of newspapers in 1980?
32 million
213
What newspaper was most associated with national events?
Washington Post
214
Which journalists uncovered the Watergate Scandal?
Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein
215
What were their findings made into?
All the President's Men
216
Where did most Americans receive their news from?
CBS - Evening News
NBC - Nightly News
ABC - World News Tonight
217
When did 60 minutes go on air?
1968
218
Why was the dominance of national networks broken in June 1980?
CNN - up-to-the-minute news coverage on the cable network
219
What kind of backlash did the ERA receive in 1972?
Republican back lash - gotta love Phyllis Schlafley
220
When was Roe vs Wade?
1973 - right to abortion - hated by Christians - Protestants
221
What did Roe vs Wade do in terms of political significance?
Lead to the rise of the New Right and Reagan
222
Who were the Moral Majority?
New right wing pressure group opposing abortion
223
What became the litmas test for SC appointments?
Abortion
224
What other pressure group opposed Roe vs Wade?
Right to Life
225
How many legal abortions were there in 1977?
1.7 million
226
What was produced?
Four hour film to encourage the opposition of abortion
227
What did abortion allow for women?
Greater sexual autonomy and reproductive choice
228
What began following Roe vs Wade?
Second Wave feminism - sexuality, family and reproductive rights.
229
What did Congress attempt to pass?
Human Life Amendment - aimed to negate the decision
230
What did Senator Jesse Helms do?
Amend the Foreign Assistance Act to ban federals funds being used for abortion services. Hyde Amendment to HEW department budget outlawed use of funds unless mother's life was in danger
231
What was the Bowen v Kendrick case in 1988?
Upheld the constitutionality of the Adolescent Family Life Act
232
Which case uphelp abortion?
Casey 1977
233
Who did Reagan appoint to the SCOTUS?
Clarence Thomas
234
What did many states not do?
Repeal pre 1973 statute that criminalised abortion
235
What happened to abortion numbers?
Began to decline following the initial spike
236
What puts people off from getting abortions?
Violence outside of clinics
237
What can women do?
Join cadet and military academies
238
Examples of radical feminists?
October 17th and Red Stockings
239
Who was defeated in the 1976 election because of pro-life opposition?
Senator Frank Church of Utah
240
Who was George Moscone?
Mayor of San Francisco in 1975 - ran on a pro gay rights platform
241
Who was mayor of New York in 1977?
Edward Koch
242
Who was the first openly gay public official?
Harvey Milk - city supervisor 1975 SF
243
What happened to Milk and Moscone?
Assassinated on the 27th November 1978 by Dan White
244
What did the assassination do?
Brough the gay community into the national consciousness
245
What was the opposition to gay rights?
Jerry Falwell - supported Reagan - claimed "homosexuality is so abominable in the sight of God that destroyed the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah because of this terrible sin"
246
What is the impact of affirmative action?
1/3 of black Americans become middle class by 1980 - better access to education and can move to the suburbs
247
What % of arrested rapists were black americans?
43%
248
What % of accused murderers were black americans?
55%
249
What % of robbery charges were black americans?
69%
250
What was the 1978 Bakke case?
Didn’t get a place at the uni - preferred ethnic minorities - unconstitutional - found in favour of the University of California - affirmative action is a constitutional policy.
251
What was the impact of bussing?
68% to 8% of black children were in segregated schools
252
Who was against bussing?
Northern America - Ted Kennedy in Boston
253
What was a pro-bussing newspaper?
Boston Globe - so bad - had to get people to guard their building
254
What did opposition to bussing lead to?
Private schools became far more popular
255
What was Milikin v Bradley 1974?
Detroit school children should not be integrated through busing.
256
What happens to the number of trade union members?
Increasing but went down as a proportion of the workforce
257
What happened in New York?
The city almost went bankrupt - thousands of teachers and city workers lost their jobs
258
What happened in terms of blue and white collar workers?
Decline in blue collar workers and increase in white collar workers - caused by the recession and increased foreign competition.
259
What was the aim for businesses?
Profit maximisation - make up for the recession losses
260
Why did people dislike unions?
COMMUNISM
261
Who was jailed in 1967?
Leader of the mob-dominated transportation workers' Teamsters Union
262
What % of new private secyor jobs were in low paid services/ retail areas?
80% - harder to unionise
263
Where was the post war economic growth?
South - interstate highway system - air con to combat the heat and anti-trade union traditions of the South.
264
What did businesses do in the 1970s
Tried to lower costs in the face of foreign competition - domestic market decreased by high unemployment and high inflation
265
Why could businesses squeeze unions?
Jobs were hard to come by
266
Where was TV production moved to?
Mexico in 1980
267
What happened in the 1970s?
Plants closures - high paying jobs in steel, textile and automotive manufacturing
268
How many jobs were lost in the 1970s?
38 million
269
What was the average fall in workers' real income between 1973 and 1981?
2% per year
270
What meant there was an influx of foreign workers?
1965 Immigration legislation
271
What did unions and minorities clash over?
Rights - especially affirmative action
272
What did the Federal judge rule in 1975?
ruled against the Detroit Police Department's "last hired, first fired" seniority principle. Ruling protects recently hired black officers. White officers protested in the streets.
273
Where did sweatshops happen?
Little union activity areas
274
When did Red Power come to prominence?
1970s
275
What was the state of affairs for Native Americans in 1973?
Half of the 700,000 Native American population lived short, hard lives on reservations.
276
What was unemployment amongst Native Americans?
20% to 80% - dependent on the natural resources of the reservation
277
What was the life expectancy of Native Americans?
44 - 64 was the national average
278
What was exceptionally high amongst indigenous americans?
Suicide rates
279
What did many native americans face?
Poverty and dislocation - loss of land and historic treaties were ignored
280
What were they granted after 1919?
Citizenship - most wanted the right to tribal self-government.
281
What could tribes regulate under self-government?
Land, taxation, resources and individual behaviour
282
What was Red Power defined as?
Political and economic power to run our own lives in our own way
283
When and where was the American Indian Movement established?
1968 in Minneapolis - St Pail - Native American Ghetto
284
How many chapters of the AIM were there?
40
285
What did AIM promote?
Positive imagery - opposing "Washington Redskins"
286
What did they monitor?
Police racism - lead to NA population in jails falling by 60%
287
What was established in 1972?
Heart of the Earth Survival School in 1972, instructed urban children in Native languages and culture.
288
What did they organise?
Organising marches to publicise the need for compensation for US government violations of nineteenth century treaties with Native Americans - 1972 Trail of Broken Treaties from San Francisco to the BIA in Washington DC.
289
What occupation gained media attention?
Pine Ridge Reservation village of Wounded Knee in 1973 - members of the Sioux tribe had been massacred in 1890
290
How many Sioux occupied Wounded Knee?
300 - publicise problems - over 50% unemployment, high suicide and alcoholism rates and 46 year life expectancy.
291
What was the trigger for the occupation?
inequality in legal rights - indictment for manslaughter of the white killer if Wesley Bad Heart Bull could have led to his release within a decade but when Wesley's mother protested, she was arrested which could have led to 30 years' incarceration.
292
What did the AIM do?
Hostages were held at gun point - 71 days - two Native Americans killed
293
What happened in 1973?
Northern Cheyenne of Montana won a court victory enabling them to renegotiate mineral contracts. 50 years of protest, coal mining on Navajo and Hopi reservation lands ceased in 2005
294
What act was passed in 1975?
Self-determination and Education Assistance Acts 1975 - which gave tribes control over federal aid programmes and reservation education
295
What was the reaction to this legislation?
Promised more that it delivered, primarily because it was insufficiently funded.
Others said it increased Native American influence over federal actions and Native American financial and organisational resources.
296
What act was passed in 1976?
Indian Health Care Improvement Act
297
What did the Indian Health Care Improvement Act do?
$1.6 billion to improve availability and delivery of health care
298
What was the US v Wheeler case?
S.C. affirmed the right of a federal court to try a Native American who had already been tried by his tribe - Court recognised the unique sovereignty of the tribe but it was limited.
299
What did the Oliphant 1978 do?
S.C. limited tribal authority over non-Indians and indians of other tribes on reservations.
300
What was the religious Freedom act?
Rights to practice Native American cultural traditions - hallucinatory drug peyote - increasingly conservative S.C. weakened the Act in 1990.
301
What did the 1979 decisions do?
Restoration of 18000 acres to Narragansetts in Rhode Island and $100 million compensation to the Sioux for "dishonourable dealing" in the acquisition of the Black Hills.
302
What did NA demand?
Free elections of tribal leaders (many Pine Ridge Reservation residents disliked authoritarian tribal president Richard Wilson).
303
What did tribes want the review of?
All treaties, especially the 1868 treaty that concerned the tribes land rights.
304
What was the progress by 1980?
Red Power had contributed to a greater awareness of Native American rights - self determination, land.
