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Edexcel History: USA - Conformity and Challenge > Social and Political Change > Flashcards

Social and Political Change Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the election result in 1972?

A

Landslide victory for Nixon against George McGovern - most decisive victory in American History

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2
Q

What was the economic situation in 1972?

A

Nixon recession - floats the dollar on the exchange and takes the dollar off the gold standard

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3
Q

What did Nixon do?

A

End the draft, desegregated all souther schools

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4
Q

What environment did Nixon create?

A

Paranoid atmosphere in the white house - surrounded himself with “the presidents men”

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5
Q

How many republicans got caught in the Watergate scandal?

A

5

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6
Q

What does CREEP stand for?

A

Committee for the Re-election of the President

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7
Q

What did the republicans do?

A

Wire tap and burgle the Watergate building - the headquarters for the Democrat Campaign

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8
Q

Was wire tapping unusual?

A

No - both parties had done these things - the issue was them getting caught

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9
Q

What does Nixon do in response to Wategate?

A

Lies and creates a cover up

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10
Q

Who was John Dean?

A

A white house council - found out about the “completed investigation” when Nixon announced it on TV

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11
Q

Who were the burglars connected to?

A

FBI and CIA

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12
Q

What happens to Nixon?

A

Resigns after two years and an impeachment trial

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13
Q

Who kept the scandal alive?

A

The Post

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14
Q

What did the burglars receive?

A

Hush money from the White House - obstruction of justice but Nixon was more concerned with staying in power

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15
Q

Who were found guilty for the bugging and conspiracy?

A

McCord and Liddy

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16
Q

What was the McCord letter?

A

Alludes to the obstruction of justice

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17
Q

What did Dean tell Nixon?

A

There is a cancer on his presidency

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18
Q

What did Dean do?

A

Knew he was going to be the scapegoat of the scandal and broke rank to the prosecutors

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19
Q

What was the Saturday Night Massacre?

A

Nixon fires the AG for not firing Special Prosecutor Cox, then fires the Deputy AG and then has the SG Bork to fire Cox

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20
Q

What was revealed that there were?

A

Tapes - Nixon was forced to hand them over - obstruction of justice

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21
Q

Why did Agnew resign?

A

Tax evasion and corruption

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22
Q

When did Nixon resign?

A

8th August 1973

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23
Q

What was the significance of Watergate?

A

Led to distrust in the government

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24
Q

What does Watergate distract from?

A

Other disastrous policies - Cambodia

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25
Q

What does Watergate reinforce?

A

Reinforces the idea of “Washington” - i.e. Big Government - conspiracies regarding the federal government.

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26
Q

What does Watergate show the value of?

A

Investigative journalism

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27
Q

What else does Watergate reinforce?

A

Nothing has been good since JFK

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28
Q

What began to grow as a result of Watergate?

A

Nostalgia for the early 60s

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29
Q

How did Ford restore trust in the Presidency?

A

Reputation for honesty
Less imperial style of president
Wasn’t involved in Watergate

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30
Q

What was different about Ford?

A

Only president not to have been elected

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31
Q

How was Ford normal?

A

Waved to press as he picks up own newspaper in PJs.
Relatable - pushed into pool by wife.

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32
Q

What was Ford the first president to do?

A

Testify before Congress

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33
Q

What was Ford’s relationship with the media?

A

Difficult

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34
Q

What happened that impacted US’ reputation?

A

Fall of South Vietnam and Cambodia and Laos to communism

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35
Q

What economic challenges did Ford have?

A

High inflation and unemployment

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36
Q

What did Ford do to undermine the change in trust?

A

He pardoned Nixon in Sept 1975

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37
Q

How was Carter a change in presidency?

A

Didn’t use the limo
Peanut Farmer
Casual Clothes
Attends council meetings - unpretentious, homely style

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38
Q

What did Carter want to be called?

A

JIMMY

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39
Q

What was the group of advisors for Jimmy called?

A

George Mafia

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40
Q

What did Jimmy struggle with?

A

Relationship with Congress and the media

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41
Q

What was Jimmy the first president to do?

A

Run on a successful environmental platform

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42
Q

What economic issues did Jimmy have?

A

Stagflation

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43
Q

What led to oil prices rising fourfold?

A

Yom Kippur War

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44
Q

How much did inflation and interest rise to?

A

13% and 20%

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45
Q

When was the Iranian Revolution and Hostage crisis?

A

1979

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46
Q

What happened in Nov 1979?

A

US embassy being surrounded = 444 days

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47
Q

When did the rescue mission fail?

A

April 1980

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48
Q

What was the aftermath of the failed escape mission?

A

Sinnus Vance resigns and holds Carter personally responsible.

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49
Q

When was the Afghanistan invasion from the USSR?

A

27th December 1979

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50
Q

What did Jimmy do for the Olympics?

A

Boycott the Moscow Olympics

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51
Q

When was the Three Mile Nuclear crisis?

A

1979

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52
Q

What happened in 1978?

A

Love Canal

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53
Q

What does Jimmy get legislation for?

A

Cut on pollution, national parks - adds to interparty conflict.

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54
Q

What intraparty conflict was there?

A

Unions

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55
Q

What was the conservative backlash?

A

Reagan = no problem of pollution in California. Michigan feels threatened by environmentalism - unite with other states.

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56
Q

When was the Sagebush rebellion?

A

1979-81

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57
Q

How much did oil prices rise in 1974?

A

387%

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58
Q

What % of oil did the US import?

A

30%

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59
Q

What kind of cars did Americans have?

A

Gas Guzzlers

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60
Q

Why was car manufacturing in decline?

A

Foreign competition - especially from Germany and JAPAN

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61
Q

What did the decline of the car industry lead to?

A

Job loss

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62
Q

What was the federal deficit in 1965?

A

$1.6 billion

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63
Q

What was the federal deficit in 1965?

A

$25.3 billion

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64
Q

What agreement did Nixon pull out of?

A

Breton Woods agreement - leads to inflation, higher interest rates

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65
Q

What did the price of oil spike to?

A

1972: $60 per barrel
1978: $108 per barrel

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66
Q

When does poverty rate amongst African Americans peak?

A

1966

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67
Q

What level does it stay at?

A

Above 30%

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68
Q

What was the car production in 1975?

A

6 million

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69
Q

What does the price level increase to in 1980?

A

1600

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70
Q

What do wages decline to by 1980?

A

115 to 100

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71
Q

How long does it take to save for a house?

A

Rises from 2.4 years in 1970 ti 3.8 years

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72
Q

What happens to the number of children per women?

A

Declines from 4.5 to 3.75

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73
Q

How much did prices for basic goods rise by?

A

2.4 times

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74
Q

What does manufacturing value as a percentage of GDP fall to?

A

25% to just over 20% in 1980

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75
Q

How many families have both spouses working?

A

60%

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76
Q

What stays stagnant?

A

Income inequality

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77
Q

What does poverty remain at?

A

12%

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78
Q

What is the rise in population?

A

10% - 25 million

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79
Q

What happened to the price of oil after the Islamic revolution in 1979?

A

Price of oil doubled

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80
Q

What did Ford do?

A

Indirect measures - WIN - Whip Inflation Now - eco things - car pool so we don’t use as much fuel

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81
Q

What did he do in 1974/5?

A

Cut federal spending

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82
Q

What did Carter do?

A

1975 Earned income tax Credit.
1977 Public Works Act.
1977 National Energy Plan and Department for Energy.
1978 Deregulation of air, lorry and communication industries.
1979 Promoted the pursuit of Synthetic fuels.

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83
Q

What happened to the cost of living between 1968 and 1978?

A

Doubled

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84
Q

What was inflation at by 1980?

A

13% - up from 5% in 1977

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85
Q

What were interest rates at?

A

20%

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86
Q

What did the cost of a postage stamp rise by between 1974 and 1981?

A

8c to 20c

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87
Q

How much did a McDonalds Burger cost?

A

1967 - 15c
1981 - 50c

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88
Q

What did US standard of living fall to?

A

Fifth in the world

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89
Q

What was there a drop in?

A

Investment and house buying

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90
Q

How many people believed that inflation was a permanent feature of the US economy?

A

90%

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91
Q

How many people considered inflation to be their greatest concern in 1978?

A

63%

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92
Q

What did US GNP drop by in the first three quarters of 1973?

A

2.5%

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93
Q

What was unemployment at in 1978?

A

10%

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94
Q

How much did industrial productivity rise between 1972 and 1978?

A

1%

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95
Q

How much did productivity rise between 1972 and 1978 in Japan and Germany?

A

4-5%

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96
Q

Where did the Rust Belt emerge?

A

New York and Michigan - relocated industry for cheap industry

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97
Q

What proportion of manufacturing jobs were in the Northeast and Midwest?

A

1967 - 2/3

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98
Q

Where did industry move to?

A

Sun Belt - Texas and California

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99
Q

How many women worked in 1960?

A

38%

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100
Q

How many women worked in 1970?

A

43%

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101
Q

How many women worked in 1980?

A

52%

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102
Q

Why did Ford’s policies fail?

A

Voluntary rather than compulsory - issues required more radical solutions

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103
Q

What was the heating limit?

A

18 degrees in the winter, 26 for the AC

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104
Q

What happened in 1974-1975?

A

Recession - unemployment at 11%

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105
Q

How much was the public works programme?

A

$4 billion

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106
Q

What did the public works programme include?

A

Earned Income Tax Credit - tax credits for low income working families with children

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107
Q

What was the Humphrey Hawkins Bill supported by?

A

Trade Union organisation AFL-CIO

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108
Q

What did the AFL-CIO claim?

A

Claimed to allow the federal government to protect workers’ jobs at times of economic recession by becoming the employer

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109
Q

What did the National Energy Plan in 1977 do?

A

Deregulation of gas production

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110
Q

What was created?

A

Department of energy - promoted the conservation of domestic oil reserves and speed limits to reduce fuel consumption

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111
Q

What did the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 do?

A

Abolished the Civil Aeronautics board to create greater competition - also implemented for lorry and communications industries

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112
Q

What was unemployment at in 1980?

A

7.5%

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113
Q

What was mortgage rate at?

A

15%

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114
Q

How many people were supported by welfare?

A

21 million people by 1980

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115
Q

When was the NEP passed by Congress?

A

1978

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116
Q

How much did US energy consumption fall by by 1983?

A

10%

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117
Q

What did inflation rise by in 1978?

A

6% to 10%

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118
Q

What did the Economic Report of the President in 1979 suggest?

A

Voluntary controls of prices and wages - failed to control inflation - losing faith in the democrats.

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119
Q

Who did the Clean Air Act effect?

A

Northern states - Rust Belt against environmentalism because of lack of industrialism

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120
Q

What was the intraparty conflict in the dems?

A

Middle class liberals vs blue-collar workers

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121
Q

What was Love Canal?

A

Foul smelling industrial waste in the canal that caused birth defects amongst residents

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122
Q

How much was the Superfund to clear up the sites?

A

$1 billion dollars

123
Q

What was the Three Mile Island incident?

A

Biggest nuclear disaster in American history - power stations continued to operate but they didn’t build any more. Lead to the evacuation of 140,000 people

124
Q

How many environmental bills did Carter pass?

A

14 - but couldn’t fulfil them - energy campaign shut down

125
Q

What was the Tellico Dam?

A

Opposed by environmentalists
Taken to the Supreme Court under the Endangered Species Act.

126
Q

What was Ford’s TSCA in 1976 seen as?

A

Regarded as one of the biggest failures of environmental policy as it ineffectively regulated the use of chemicals by industries.

127
Q

What did federal minimum wage rise from and to in 1981?

A

$2.10 in 1975 to $3.35

128
Q

What % of jobs were manufacturing in Philly in 1951?

A

46%

129
Q

What had this fallen to in 1977?

A

24%

130
Q

What was introduced in California?

A

Proposition 13 - reduced state taxes by 57% - impact on state welfare

131
Q

How much did car imports rise by?

A

33%

132
Q

How many car workers were laid off in 1974?

A

224,000

133
Q

How much was the Chrysler bailout?

A

$1.3 billion

134
Q

What was the national game until 1960?

A

Baseball

135
Q

What were baseball players?

A

Household names - made by newspapers and radios

136
Q

What became the major medium for sports in the 1970s?

A

Television

137
Q

What did the television lead to for sports?

A

Wider range of sports was broadcasted - attracted business sponsorship and revenue

138
Q

What sports became more popular?

A

Basketball, boxing, motor racing and golf

139
Q

What sport benefitted the most from TV?

A

American Football

140
Q

What was football before 1960s?

A

University based

141
Q

Which universities attracted home audiences?

A

Notre Dame

142
Q

Who had sell out shows in 1962?

A

University of Nebraska

143
Q

How big was the Nebraska stadium?

A

86,000

144
Q

Who was appointed the head of the NFL in 1960?

A

Pete Rozelle

145
Q

What was the TV deal with CBS worth?

A

$9.3 million

146
Q

What became a national institution?

A

Weekly Monday Night NFL game

147
Q

What became an important marketing platform for business?

A

NFL advertising

148
Q

What was the main source of NFL revenue in 1960s?

A

Ticket sales

149
Q

What was the main source of NFL revenue in 1980?

A

Television revenues

150
Q

What became an unofficial national holiday?

A

Super Bowl day

151
Q

What was the audience for the Redskins vs Dolphins game in 1973?

A

53 million

152
Q

How much did a 30 sec ad cost for the 1973 super bowl?

A

$88,000

153
Q

What was the TV audience for the 1980 Super Bowl?

A

76 million

154
Q

What was was the ad revenue for a 30 second ad in 1980?

A

$222,0000

155
Q

What was the average NFL wage in 1970?

A

$23,000

156
Q

What was the average wage in 1975?

A

$56,000

157
Q

What was the average NFL wage in 1980?

A

$75,000

158
Q

Who did the NBA sign a contract with?

A

ESPN and USA Network

159
Q

Which NBA players became household names?

A

Larry Bird and Magic Johnson

160
Q

How much was Magic Johnson’s contract?

A

$25 million a year

161
Q

What did Coke sponsor?

A

1978 World Cup in Argentina

162
Q

What did Coke sponsor in the US?

A

NASCAR, Basketball and American Football - so did Pepsi

163
Q

Who sponsored the National Hockey League Stadium?

A

Coors

164
Q

What was a key sponsor for NFL?

A

Anheuser-Busch

165
Q

What was music like before the 1960s?

A

Ballad Singing - Frank Sinatra and Elvis

166
Q

Who grew in popularity in the US?

A

Beatles and Rolling Stones

167
Q

Who did they match the success of?

A

Beach Boys, the Grateful Dead and the Doors. ​

168
Q

Who were popular solo artists?

A

Joan Baez, Janis Joplin and John B. Sebastien

169
Q

What did Woodstock lead to?

A

The rise in music festivals across the US

170
Q

What did Motown evolve into?

A

Soul and Funk

171
Q

Where did Dance Music develop?

A

Discos and Clubs - replaced dance halls

172
Q

What was the peak of Disco?

A

Saturday Night Fever 1977 – John Travolta and the Bee Gees become international stars ​

173
Q

What became cool?

A

Male Disco Dancing

174
Q

Where did Prog rock develop from?

A

Rock bands of the 1960s

175
Q

What did prog rock experiment with?

A

Classical music and opera

176
Q

Examples of influences?

A

Pink Floyd, Queen and ELO

177
Q

What bands were prog rock in USA?

A

Grand Funk Railroad and Kansas

178
Q

What was one of the most significant developments of music?

A

Punk and Heavy Metal

179
Q

Who influenced punk music?

A

Sex Pistols – one of their best known tracks was a punk version of “God Save the Queen”​

180
Q

What was the culture around punk music?

A

Drug and Alcohol - aiming to shock - deliberately contrasting popular music of the time

181
Q

Example of Punk?

A

Ramones

182
Q

What song did Blondie write?

A

Heart of Glass

183
Q

Example of Heavy Metal?

A

Grand Funk Railroad

184
Q

Where did Funk and Soul originate?

A

Northern America

185
Q

Who was Funk and Soul influenced by?

A

James Brown

186
Q

What did funk use?

A

Electronic sounds associated with drug culture

187
Q

Examples of funk bands?

A

Sly and the Family Stone, Kool and the Gang and Earth, Wind and Fire ​

188
Q

Who was a more family friendly group?

A

Jackson 5

189
Q

Where did Hip Hop begin?

A

Harlem

190
Q

What culture inspired Hip Hop?

A

Black urban youth culture – rapping, beatboxing and breakdancing.​

191
Q

Who was Gil Scott-Heron?

A

Street Poet - politically conscious

192
Q

Where did Hip Hop spread to by the late 1970s?

A

Urban centres

193
Q

Example of hip hop?

A

The Sugarhill Gang’s “Rapper’s Delight”

194
Q

What was folk pop associated with

A

Associated with Bob Dylan, Joni Mitchell, Joan Baez and Carly Simon.

195
Q

What was folk pop linked to?

A

Protest movement

196
Q

Example of later folk artists?

A

Crosby, Stills and Nash and later included Neil Young.​

197
Q

What did most popular films offer in the 1970s?

A

Escapism from the problems in the USA

198
Q

What film dominated the 1975 Oscars?

A

One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest - black comedy set in a mental hospital

199
Q

What film encapsulated the American Dream?

A

Rocky and its sequels

200
Q

What did Hollywood begin to deal with at the end of the decade?

A

Vietnam

201
Q

Example of Vietnam War films?

A

The Deer Hunter - best picture in 1978
Coming Home - Best Actor for Jon Voight 1978

202
Q

What was a very brutal and realistic depiction of the Vietnam War?

A

Francis Ford Coppola’s Apocalypse Now

203
Q

What had Coppola gained fame for?

A

The Godfather

204
Q

What was an important theme in TV?

A

Nostalgia

205
Q

When did the Waltons run?

A

1971 to 1981 - lives in the Appalachia

206
Q

When did Little House on the Prairie run?

A

1974 - 1983 - rose tinted part of idyllic fammily life

207
Q

Which soap began in 1963?

A

General Hospital

208
Q

What became a popular TV show?

A

Dallas - oil rich family Ewings - who killed J.R.

209
Q

What was the most watched comedy in the 1970s?

A

MASH - Korean War but had heavy messages about the Vietnam war

210
Q

What was the most significant drama in the 1970s?

A

Roots - 1977 - Slavery

211
Q

What was the daily circulation of newspapers in 1973?

A

26 million

212
Q

What was the daily circulation of newspapers in 1980?

A

32 million

213
Q

What newspaper was most associated with national events?

A

Washington Post

214
Q

Which journalists uncovered the Watergate Scandal?

A

Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein

215
Q

What were their findings made into?

A

All the President’s Men

216
Q

Where did most Americans receive their news from?

A

CBS - Evening News
NBC - Nightly News
ABC - World News Tonight

217
Q

When did 60 minutes go on air?

A

1968

218
Q

Why was the dominance of national networks broken in June 1980?

A

CNN - up-to-the-minute news coverage on the cable network

219
Q

What kind of backlash did the ERA receive in 1972?

A

Republican back lash - gotta love Phyllis Schlafley

220
Q

When was Roe vs Wade?

A

1973 - right to abortion - hated by Christians - Protestants

221
Q

What did Roe vs Wade do in terms of political significance?

A

Lead to the rise of the New Right and Reagan

222
Q

Who were the Moral Majority?

A

New right wing pressure group opposing abortion

223
Q

What became the litmas test for SC appointments?

A

Abortion

224
Q

What other pressure group opposed Roe vs Wade?

A

Right to Life

225
Q

How many legal abortions were there in 1977?

A

1.7 million

226
Q

What was produced?

A

Four hour film to encourage the opposition of abortion

227
Q

What did abortion allow for women?

A

Greater sexual autonomy and reproductive choice

228
Q

What began following Roe vs Wade?

A

Second Wave feminism - sexuality, family and reproductive rights.

229
Q

What did Congress attempt to pass?

A

Human Life Amendment - aimed to negate the decision

230
Q

What did Senator Jesse Helms do?

A

Amend the Foreign Assistance Act to ban federals funds being used for abortion services. Hyde Amendment to HEW department budget outlawed use of funds unless mother’s life was in danger

231
Q

What was the Bowen v Kendrick case in 1988?

A

Upheld the constitutionality of the Adolescent Family Life Act

232
Q

Which case uphelp abortion?

A

Casey 1977

233
Q

Who did Reagan appoint to the SCOTUS?

A

Clarence Thomas

234
Q

What did many states not do?

A

Repeal pre 1973 statute that criminalised abortion

235
Q

What happened to abortion numbers?

A

Began to decline following the initial spike

236
Q

What puts people off from getting abortions?

A

Violence outside of clinics

237
Q

What can women do?

A

Join cadet and military academies

238
Q

Examples of radical feminists?

A

October 17th and Red Stockings

239
Q

Who was defeated in the 1976 election because of pro-life opposition?

A

Senator Frank Church of Utah

240
Q

Who was George Moscone?

A

Mayor of San Francisco in 1975 - ran on a pro gay rights platform

241
Q

Who was mayor of New York in 1977?

A

Edward Koch

242
Q

Who was the first openly gay public official?

A

Harvey Milk - city supervisor 1975 SF

243
Q

What happened to Milk and Moscone?

A

Assassinated on the 27th November 1978 by Dan White

244
Q

What did the assassination do?

A

Brough the gay community into the national consciousness

245
Q

What was the opposition to gay rights?

A

Jerry Falwell - supported Reagan - claimed “homosexuality is so abominable in the sight of God that destroyed the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah because of this terrible sin”

246
Q

What is the impact of affirmative action?

A

1/3 of black Americans become middle class by 1980 - better access to education and can move to the suburbs

247
Q

What % of arrested rapists were black americans?

A

43%

248
Q

What % of accused murderers were black americans?

A

55%

249
Q

What % of robbery charges were black americans?

A

69%

250
Q

What was the 1978 Bakke case?

A

Didn’t get a place at the uni - preferred ethnic minorities - unconstitutional - found in favour of the University of California - affirmative action is a constitutional policy.

251
Q

What was the impact of bussing?

A

68% to 8% of black children were in segregated schools

252
Q

Who was against bussing?

A

Northern America - Ted Kennedy in Boston

253
Q

What was a pro-bussing newspaper?

A

Boston Globe - so bad - had to get people to guard their building

254
Q

What did opposition to bussing lead to?

A

Private schools became far more popular

255
Q

What was Milikin v Bradley 1974?

A

Detroit school children should not be integrated through busing.

256
Q

What happens to the number of trade union members?

A

Increasing but went down as a proportion of the workforce

257
Q

What happened in New York?

A

The city almost went bankrupt - thousands of teachers and city workers lost their jobs

258
Q

What happened in terms of blue and white collar workers?

A

Decline in blue collar workers and increase in white collar workers - caused by the recession and increased foreign competition.

259
Q

What was the aim for businesses?

A

Profit maximisation - make up for the recession losses

260
Q

Why did people dislike unions?

A

COMMUNISM

261
Q

Who was jailed in 1967?

A

Leader of the mob-dominated transportation workers’ Teamsters Union

262
Q

What % of new private secyor jobs were in low paid services/ retail areas?

A

80% - harder to unionise

263
Q

Where was the post war economic growth?

A

South - interstate highway system - air con to combat the heat and anti-trade union traditions of the South.

264
Q

What did businesses do in the 1970s

A

Tried to lower costs in the face of foreign competition - domestic market decreased by high unemployment and high inflation

265
Q

Why could businesses squeeze unions?

A

Jobs were hard to come by

266
Q

Where was TV production moved to?

A

Mexico in 1980

267
Q

What happened in the 1970s?

A

Plants closures - high paying jobs in steel, textile and automotive manufacturing

268
Q

How many jobs were lost in the 1970s?

A

38 million

269
Q

What was the average fall in workers’ real income between 1973 and 1981?

A

2% per year

270
Q

What meant there was an influx of foreign workers?

A

1965 Immigration legislation

271
Q

What did unions and minorities clash over?

A

Rights - especially affirmative action

272
Q

What did the Federal judge rule in 1975?

A

ruled against the Detroit Police Department’s “last hired, first fired” seniority principle. Ruling protects recently hired black officers. White officers protested in the streets.

273
Q

Where did sweatshops happen?

A

Little union activity areas

274
Q

When did Red Power come to prominence?

A

1970s

275
Q

What was the state of affairs for Native Americans in 1973?

A

Half of the 700,000 Native American population lived short, hard lives on reservations.

276
Q

What was unemployment amongst Native Americans?

A

20% to 80% - dependent on the natural resources of the reservation

277
Q

What was the life expectancy of Native Americans?

A

44 - 64 was the national average

278
Q

What was exceptionally high amongst indigenous americans?

A

Suicide rates

279
Q

What did many native americans face?

A

Poverty and dislocation - loss of land and historic treaties were ignored

280
Q

What were they granted after 1919?

A

Citizenship - most wanted the right to tribal self-government.

281
Q

What could tribes regulate under self-government?

A

Land, taxation, resources and individual behaviour

282
Q

What was Red Power defined as?

A

Political and economic power to run our own lives in our own way

283
Q

When and where was the American Indian Movement established?

A

1968 in Minneapolis - St Pail - Native American Ghetto

284
Q

How many chapters of the AIM were there?

A

40

285
Q

What did AIM promote?

A

Positive imagery - opposing “Washington Redskins”

286
Q

What did they monitor?

A

Police racism - lead to NA population in jails falling by 60%

287
Q

What was established in 1972?

A

Heart of the Earth Survival School in 1972, instructed urban children in Native languages and culture.

288
Q

What did they organise?

A

Organising marches to publicise the need for compensation for US government violations of nineteenth century treaties with Native Americans - 1972 Trail of Broken Treaties from San Francisco to the BIA in Washington DC.

289
Q

What occupation gained media attention?

A

Pine Ridge Reservation village of Wounded Knee in 1973 - members of the Sioux tribe had been massacred in 1890

290
Q

How many Sioux occupied Wounded Knee?

A

300 - publicise problems - over 50% unemployment, high suicide and alcoholism rates and 46 year life expectancy.

291
Q

What was the trigger for the occupation?

A

inequality in legal rights - indictment for manslaughter of the white killer if Wesley Bad Heart Bull could have led to his release within a decade but when Wesley’s mother protested, she was arrested which could have led to 30 years’ incarceration.

292
Q

What did the AIM do?

A

Hostages were held at gun point - 71 days - two Native Americans killed

293
Q

What happened in 1973?

A

Northern Cheyenne of Montana won a court victory enabling them to renegotiate mineral contracts. 50 years of protest, coal mining on Navajo and Hopi reservation lands ceased in 2005

294
Q

What act was passed in 1975?

A

Self-determination and Education Assistance Acts 1975 - which gave tribes control over federal aid programmes and reservation education

295
Q

What was the reaction to this legislation?

A

Promised more that it delivered, primarily because it was insufficiently funded.
Others said it increased Native American influence over federal actions and Native American financial and organisational resources.

296
Q

What act was passed in 1976?

A

Indian Health Care Improvement Act

297
Q

What did the Indian Health Care Improvement Act do?

A

$1.6 billion to improve availability and delivery of health care

298
Q

What was the US v Wheeler case?

A

S.C. affirmed the right of a federal court to try a Native American who had already been tried by his tribe - Court recognised the unique sovereignty of the tribe but it was limited.

299
Q

What did the Oliphant 1978 do?

A

S.C. limited tribal authority over non-Indians and indians of other tribes on reservations.

300
Q

What was the religious Freedom act?

A

Rights to practice Native American cultural traditions - hallucinatory drug peyote - increasingly conservative S.C. weakened the Act in 1990.

301
Q

What did the 1979 decisions do?

A

Restoration of 18000 acres to Narragansetts in Rhode Island and $100 million compensation to the Sioux for “dishonourable dealing” in the acquisition of the Black Hills.

302
Q

What did NA demand?

A

Free elections of tribal leaders (many Pine Ridge Reservation residents disliked authoritarian tribal president Richard Wilson).

303
Q

What did tribes want the review of?

A

All treaties, especially the 1868 treaty that concerned the tribes land rights.

304
Q

What was the progress by 1980?

A

Red Power had contributed to a greater awareness of Native American rights - self determination, land.

Edexcel History: USA - Conformity and Challenge (4 decks)

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