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Edexcel History: USA - Conformity and Challenge > Protest and Reaction > Flashcards

Protest and Reaction Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the Civil Rights Act Passed?

A

1964

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2
Q

What did the CRA do?

A

Ended most legal segregation used against black Americans

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3
Q

When was the Selma March?

A

1965

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4
Q

What was the Selma March?

A

March from Selma to Montgomery - protest against voting requirements

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5
Q

When did MLK try to desegregate housing in Chicago?

A

1966

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6
Q

Why did the attempt to desegregate housing fail?

A

Met with violence and opposition from Richard Daley and underestimated the resistance from white neighbourhoods.

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7
Q

What happened in 1968?

A

MLK supports the Poor People’s campaign for greater social equality

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8
Q

What limited MLK’s success?

A

More radical groups gained more success

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9
Q

When was MLK assassinated?

A

April 1968

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10
Q

What lost MLK presidential support?

A

Opposing the Vietnam War

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11
Q

When were the Watts Riots?

A

1965

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12
Q

What were the Watts Riots?

A

A violent example of the emerging alternatives to the traditional Civil Rights movement that focused on ending legal segregation in the Old South.

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13
Q

Who was Malcolm X

A

Civil rights leader who advocated for separatism and more violent methods.

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14
Q

What was Malcolm X a member of?

A

Nation of Islam

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15
Q

What group expelled all whites in 1966?

A

SNCC

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16
Q

Who was replaced by Henry Rap Brown?

A

Stokely Carmichal

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17
Q

Who elected Floyd McKissick as chairpersons?

A

CORE

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18
Q

Who was Floyd McKissick?

A

Supported global wars of liberation

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19
Q

When was the Black Panther Party created?

A

1966

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20
Q

Who inspired the Black Panthers?

A

Communists - Che Guevara

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21
Q

What did Rap Brown call for in 1967?

A

Black Americans to take over white-owned stores in black ghettoes (using force, if necessary)

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22
Q

When were whites excluded from CORE?

A

1968

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23
Q

Who replaced McKissick?

A

Roy Innis

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24
Q

Who gave the Black Power Salute at the 1968 Olympics?

A

Tommy Smith and John Carlos

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25
Q

Who was killed by COINTELPRO?

A

Fred Hampton

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26
Q

Where were the Black Panthers founded?

A

Oakland

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27
Q

What did the Black Panthers support?

A

Black power and black pride

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28
Q

What did the Black Panthers want to end?

A

Police brutality and end economic struggles of black people

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29
Q

What programmes did the Black Panthers have?

A

Grassroots programmes - breakfast programmes, legal aid and medical clinics

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30
Q

What methods did the Black Panthers use?

A

Vigilante patrols in ghettos, carry weapons - violent methods.

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31
Q

What was the Black Panther uniform?

A

Leather jackets, black berets, natural hair, gloves, sunglasses.

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32
Q

Who was the leader of the Black Panthers?

A

Huey Newton and Bobby G Seale

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33
Q

When was the grape boycott?

A

1965

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34
Q

Who were the UFU?

A

United Farmworkers’ Union

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35
Q

Who did the UFU support?

A

Exploited latina/latino workers

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36
Q

How many new voters were there by 1965?

A

100,000

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37
Q

What did immigration legislation mean?

A

Influx of foreign workers willing to work for lower wages

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38
Q

Why did student protests increase?

A

Students were the ones being drafted for the Vietnam war

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39
Q

What was the average age of conscriptions for the war?

A

19

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40
Q

Why was the war seen as pointless?

A

Tet Offensive, My Lai Massacre, Walter Cronkite, Sitting Room war and the draft

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41
Q

What was counter culture rebelling against?

A

The establishment

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42
Q

What influenced student protests?

A

Civil rights movement

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43
Q

How many students were in higher education?

A

50%

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44
Q

How many students were gaining degrees?

A

20%

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45
Q

What was the influence of the age of majority being 21?

A

Colleges were more paternalistic

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46
Q

What was the influence of the age of majority being 21?

A

Colleges were more paternalistic

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47
Q

What does SDS stand for?

A

Students for a Democratic Society

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48
Q

What did Tom Hayden want in 1965?

A

A second march on Washington

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49
Q

What was published in 1962?

A

Port Huron Statement

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50
Q

What happened in 1964 at UoC?

A

Protests over lifting the ban against political activity

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51
Q

How many people turned up in Central Park in 1967?

A

500,000

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52
Q

How many demonstrations were there in 1968?

A

221

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53
Q

What was the issue at Colombia?

A

Students were against the university having weapons contracts

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54
Q

When was the Kent State Massacre?

A

1970 - Ohio

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55
Q

What happened at Berkley UCLA?

A

Teach ins - lock ins of classrooms

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56
Q

Why did Berkley students protest?

A

They were prevented from exercising freedom of speech

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57
Q

How many students were arrested?

A

800

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58
Q

When was the Berkley protest?

A

1964

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59
Q

How did the Hippies protest?

A

Took drugs - LSD especially

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60
Q

Who inspired the Hippies?

A

British Rock Music and other aspects of counter culture

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61
Q

Why did the Hippies protest?

A

Rejecting their parents generation

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62
Q

Who founded NOW?

A

Betty Friedan

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63
Q

When was NOW founded?

A

1966

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64
Q

What organisation did NOW crash?

A

Miss America Pageant 1968 - crowned a sheep Miss America

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65
Q

What gave women more autonomy over their body?

A

The Pill

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66
Q

What were College Students protesting?

A

The War - believed young men shouldn’t be drafted

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67
Q

Who did College students take their protests to?

A

Police - met with police brutality

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68
Q

How did LBJ respond?

A

Did not accept a second term as president

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69
Q

When was RFK killed?

A

1968

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70
Q

When was the DNC?

A

1968

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71
Q

What did Daley do the Chicago?

A

Put it under police control

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72
Q

What did the SDS want to do?

A

Have their say in who was nominated

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73
Q

Who was involved in the DNC protests?

A

SDS and Yippies

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74
Q

What did the authorities do?

A

Make an example out of protesters

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75
Q

Why did people vote for Nixon?

A

Wanted someone to restore law and order

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76
Q

When was Woodstock?

A

1969

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77
Q

When was the Summer of Love?

A

1967

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78
Q

How much money was a woman making in 1963?

A

$0.59 to every dollar a man makes

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79
Q

What jobs were women expected to take?

A

Secretaries, teachers, seamstress, waitress

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80
Q

When was Feminine Mystique written?

A

1963

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81
Q

What did the Feminine Mystique highlight?

A

Women have a desire to be something more than a housewife
Suburbs were comfortable concentration camps

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82
Q

What was the Pill first given the green light for?

A

Extreme Menstrual distress in 1957

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83
Q

What book did Helen Gurley Brown write in 1962?

A

Sex and the Single Girl

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84
Q

What did Sex and the Single Girl highlight?

A

Inequalities between men and women in regards to sexuality and sex

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85
Q

What SCOTUS case allowed married couples to get the pill?

A

Griswold vs Connecticut 1965

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86
Q

What inspired the women’s Lib movement?

A

Civil Rights movement - women were seen as second rate citizens in the civil rights movement therefore need their own movement

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87
Q

How women were in regular employment in 1965?

A

25 million

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88
Q

What % of married women with children had a full or part time job?

A

40%

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89
Q

What % of married women with children had a full or part time job by 1968?

A

40%

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90
Q

What happened to the proportion of women 20-24 in employment?

A

Rose from 50%-61%

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91
Q

What did the Civil Rights Act do for women?

A

Section VII of the Act outlawed discrimination in employment on the basis of sex

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92
Q

What was formed in 1967 and 1968?

A

Womens Liberation Movement

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93
Q

What did Gloria Steinem do?

A

Write “A Bunny’s Tale”

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94
Q

Who else was a major figure in the Women’s lib movement?

A

Shulasmith Firestone + Ti-Grace Atkinson

95
Q

What did the Education Act do in 1972?

A

Schools to receive federal funding to eliminate sex discrimination

96
Q

What % of athletic programme students were female in 1971?

A

7%

97
Q

When was the ERA approved by congress?

A

1972

98
Q

How many states ratified the amendment?

A

28

99
Q

When was Roe vs Wade?

A

1973

100
Q

What was the first gay rights group to be founded?

A

Mattachine Society

101
Q

When was the Mattachine Society founded?

A

1950

102
Q

What did Eisenhower do in 1953?

A

Issued an executive order saying that homosexuality was a sufficient reason to fire a federal employee.

103
Q

What did Eisenhower do in 1953?

A

Issued an executive order saying that homosexuality was a sufficient reason to fire a federal employee.

104
Q

What were gay men and lesbian women subject to?

A

Police intimidation

105
Q

What were gay men and lesbian women subject to?

A

Police intimidation

106
Q

When was the Daughters of Bilitis set up?

A

1955

107
Q

Who set up the Daughters of Bilitis?

A

Rose Bamberger and 8 other women

108
Q

What was the name of the DOB newletter?

A

the Ladder - started in 1956

109
Q

What did DOB shift to?

A

Lesbian civil and political rights and support for those afraid to come out.

110
Q

When were LGBTQ sit ins in Greensboro?

A

1960

111
Q

Who founded Mattachine DC in 1961?

A

Dr Franklin E. Kameny - radicalised after being fired for not disclosing his sexual orientation

112
Q

What did Dr E Kameny instrumental in?

A

Overturning DC’s sodomy laws and having homosexuality not being a mental disorder

113
Q

Who was the first openly gay person to run for public office?

A

Jose Sarria for the position on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors

114
Q

What group did Sarria form?

A

Tavern Guild - help bars coordinate against police harassment in gay bars

115
Q

What did Reed Erickson found in 1964?

A

Erickson Education Foundation to fund research to support trans youth

116
Q

What happened in 1965 in Washington?

A

Group march in front of the White House to protests at the repression of gay people in USA and Cuba

117
Q

What happened between 1965-69?

A

Pickets outside the Independence Hall in Philadelphia every fourth of July

118
Q

What happened April 25 1965?

A

Three teenagers staged a sit in at a restaurant in Philly protesting the establishment’s refusal to serve homosexuals

119
Q

What happened April 25 1965?

A

Three teenagers staged a sit in at a restaurant in Philly protesting the establishment’s refusal to serve homosexuals

120
Q

What happened 17th June 1969?

A

Stone Wall Riots - police raided the stonewall inn and those inside fought back

121
Q

Who threw the first brick

A

Marsh P Johnson

122
Q

What is Stonewall considered?

A

Birth of the Gay Liberation movement

123
Q

How long did the stonewall riots last?

A

Three days

124
Q

What was founded in 1969?

A

Gay Activists Alliance

125
Q

What was founded by Bunny Eisenhower and Lee Brewster?

A

Queens Liberation Front

126
Q

What did NOW do in 1971?

A

Passed a resolution stating that “a woman’s right to her own person includes the right to define and express her own sexuality and to choose her own lifestyle”

127
Q

When was homosexuality no longer considered a mental illness?

A

1973

128
Q

When was Harvey Milk elected as the first openly gay official of San Francisco?

A

1977

129
Q

Who was given power to take action against violations of the CRA?

A

Attorney General

130
Q

When was the VRA passed?

A

1965

131
Q

How many black people in Mississippi became registered?

A

6% to 60%

132
Q

How many black people in Alabama registered?

A

18% to 54%

133
Q

In which state did registration decline?

A

Virginia - 44% to 43%

134
Q

What amendment outlawed poll taxes

A

24th Amendment

135
Q

What act was passed in 1968?

A

Fair Housing Act

136
Q

What did the Fair Housing Act do?

A

Outlawed discrimination over housing

137
Q

What did LBJ do in 1965?

A

Executive Order to spread affirmative action

138
Q

When was the Elementary and Secondary Education Act passed?

A

1965

139
Q

What did the Elementary and Secondary Education Act do?

A

Aimed to help deprived children with federal funds - $1 billion a year to schools with a high concentration of low incomes children

140
Q

What did local officials do to the programme?

A

Prevented it from becoming an anti-poverty programme

141
Q

What % of the funds went to those living above the poverty line?

A

50%

142
Q

What programmes encouraged children into pre-school classes?

A

Headstart programmes

143
Q

How many children did Headstart programmes help?

A

8 million

144
Q

When was the Bilingual Education Act passed?

A

1968

145
Q

What did the Bilingual Education Act do?

A

More aid for non-English speakers

146
Q

When was the Higher Education Act passed?

A

1968

147
Q

What did the Higher Education Act do?

A

Strengthen colleges and unis and provide financial assistance for students.

148
Q

What did the Higher education help?

A

Raise the number of students from 15% to 34% in 1970

149
Q

When was the Higher Education Act reauthorised?

A

1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1980, 1986, 1992, 1998 and 2008.

150
Q

When was the Appalachian Development Act continued by LBJ?

A

1965

151
Q

What did the Appalachian Development Act do?

A

Raise the standard of living in the Appalachia

152
Q

When was the Housing and Urban Development Act passed?

A

1965

153
Q

How many houses were funded through the Housing and Urban Development Act?

A

240,000

154
Q

How much money was given for urban renewal?

A

$2.9 million

155
Q

What department was set up?

A

Department of Housing and Urban Development

156
Q

What act was passed in 1966?

A

Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Act

157
Q

What did the Demonstration Cities and metropolitan Act do?

A

Offered local government 80% grants to deal with issues like crime prevention, healthcare and job creation

158
Q

How much money was it allowed to spend in 1966?

A

$412 million

159
Q

ow much was it allowed to spend in 1967?

A

$512 million

160
Q

When did Congress cut funding for the Demonstration Cities and metropolitan Act?

A

1967

161
Q

What did congress members want?

A

Something for their constituency

162
Q

How many houses were proposed by the Housing Act 1968?

A

26 million homes in 10 years

163
Q

How much funding was provided via the Housing Act?

A

$1.7 million - led to cheaply made homes

164
Q

How much of the wealth did the top 20% own?

A

77%

165
Q

How much of the wealth did the bottom 20% own?

A

0.5%

166
Q

What was the state of poverty in 1962?

A

20-25% of Americans had barely enough money for food and accommodation

167
Q

When was the Economic Opportunity Act passed?

A

1964

168
Q

What did the EOA do?

A

Established the Office of Economic Opportunity - task of coordinating a variety of initiatives to eradicate poverty in the US.

169
Q

What was the domestic version of the Peace Corps?

A

Volunteers in Service to America

170
Q

How many volunteers in 1968?

A

3000

171
Q

What was also created?

A

Community Action Programmes - way to allow the poor to play a part in federal programmes.

172
Q

What happened to CAPs?

A

Overtaken by militants who criticised LBJ for not doing enough.

173
Q

When were Job Corps introduced?

A

1964

174
Q

What were Job Corps?

A

Improve the skills of unemployed inner-city youths.

175
Q

How much did the Job Corps cost?

A

$10 billion - 53 centres

176
Q

How many families were in poverty in 1959?

A

40 million

177
Q

How many families were in poverty in 1968?

A

28 million

178
Q

How many families were in poverty in 1970?

A

25 million

179
Q

How many states had anti-poverty programmes?

A

44

180
Q

How many VISTA volunteers in 1968?

A

8000

181
Q

How much was distributed in rural loans in 1968?

A

$17 million

182
Q

What proportion of non-white families were still below the poverty line?

A

1/3

183
Q

What was introduced for the elderly?

A

Medicare and Medicaid

184
Q

What act was passed in 1965?

A

Social Security Act

185
Q

What happened to prices following the Social Security Act ?

A

Snowballed - increased the amount spent to over $2 billion

186
Q

What did hippies do?

A

Take drugs

187
Q

What were hippies’ views towards sex?

A

Liberal

188
Q

Which bands influenced the hippie movement?

A

Beatles, Rolling Stones

189
Q

When was Woodstock?

A

1969

190
Q

Where was the centre of counterculture in San Fran?

A

Haight Ashbury

191
Q

Example of a subsection of counterculture?

A

Flower Power

192
Q

Example of an anti-war song?

A

All you need is love - Beatles

193
Q

What was the most monumental year?

A

1968

194
Q

How many troops attack in the Tet?

A

70,000

195
Q

When did LBJ exit the presidential race?

A

March 31st

196
Q

When was MLK assassinated?

A

4th April

197
Q

When was RFK shot?

A

5th June - after winning the primary

198
Q

What were the silent majority?

A

Middle America- those people who are not under the poverty line but aren’t affluent - not benefitting from the Great Society nor are they experiencing the life of luxury

199
Q

What proportion of America was the silent majority?

A

55%

200
Q

What values did the silent majority have?

A

Traditional values - law and order - belief in the American Dream

201
Q

What did Nixon dub the counter culture movement?

A

Militant minority

202
Q

Who said Vietnam was a losing battle?

A

Walter Cronkite

203
Q

What does Nixon promise?

A

An honourable end to Vietnam - “peace with honour”

204
Q

What does LBJ promise?

A

Stop the bombing in Vietnam

205
Q

What sitcom was popular?

A

All in the Family - main character hates counter-culture

206
Q

What TV show did Nixon appear on?

A

Laugh In - coined the term “sock it to me”

207
Q

What was the Tet Offensive?

A

Vietnam troops assault most major cities that were occupied by American troops - manage to take the US embassy in Saigon - massive set back for American in the media.

208
Q

When was the My Lai massacre?

A

1968 - over 200 unarmed civilians are killed

209
Q

What did the Pentagon Papers do?

A

Expose military actions - lead to a rise in distrust in the government

210
Q

What was the hard hat riot?

A

Workers protesting against the protestors against the war

211
Q

When was the Kent State massacre?

A

4th May 1970

212
Q

What happened at Kent State?

A

4 killed after 900 members of the National Guard deployed - protest against the 150,000 extra troops to Vietnam - 28 troops fire on students

213
Q

What did opinion polls think of the Kent State massacre?

A

The National Guard acted reasonably

214
Q

How many of the National Guard were charged?

A

8 - never given a prison sentence

215
Q

How many colleges shut down?

A

500 colleges

216
Q

What did Nixon aim to do in terms of civil rights?

A

Slow down desegregation

217
Q

What did Nixon support in 1971 and 1973

A

Bussing of students from one neighbourhood to another - end de facto segregation

218
Q

What was the response to the bussing of students?

A

Huge backlash - accusations of wrenching children from their families

219
Q

What did Nixon want?

A

What the law required and nothing more

220
Q

What did he claim to dislike?

A

Affirmative action - however his administration helped minorities

221
Q

What did the promotion of affirmative actions do?

A

Ensure its entrenchment in federal government agencies and contractors

222
Q

What did Nixon oppose?

A

Extensions of the VRA

223
Q

What did he try to do?

A

Appoint southern white judges to the US Supreme Court but blocked by congress.

224
Q

What was more important to Nixon than environmentalism?

A

Jobs

225
Q

What spurred Nixon’s change of tack on environmentalism?

A

The spontaneous combustion of Ohios polluted Cuyahoga River

226
Q

What did Nixon do?

A

Produced environmental legislation on endangered species (1969), clean air (1970) and coasts (1972), established the Environmental Protection Agency (1970) and created 642 parks.

227
Q

What did Nixon eliminate?

A

Inefficient policies of the great society - reformed the “welfare mess

228
Q

What did he shrink?

A

OEO

229
Q

How many Job Corps centres were closed?

A

59

230
Q

What was the Family Assistance Plan?

A

Welfare recipients would only receive $1,600 per annum, second there were work requirements, third number of bureaucrats was decreased.

231
Q

How many more Americans would be eligible for federal aid?

A

13 million - rejected by Congress

232
Q

What Act did Nixon veto?

A

1971 Child Development Act

233
Q

What would the 1971 Child Development Act have done?

A

Provided free childcare to enable poor mothers to work

234
Q

What did Nixon increase federal spending on?

A

Education, private healthcare, social security, Medicare and Medicaid and spent more on social programmes than Johnson.

Edexcel History: USA - Conformity and Challenge (4 decks)

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