Protest and Reaction Flashcards
When was the Civil Rights Act Passed?
1964
What did the CRA do?
Ended most legal segregation used against black Americans
When was the Selma March?
1965
What was the Selma March?
March from Selma to Montgomery - protest against voting requirements
When did MLK try to desegregate housing in Chicago?
1966
Why did the attempt to desegregate housing fail?
Met with violence and opposition from Richard Daley and underestimated the resistance from white neighbourhoods.
What happened in 1968?
MLK supports the Poor People’s campaign for greater social equality
What limited MLK’s success?
More radical groups gained more success
When was MLK assassinated?
April 1968
What lost MLK presidential support?
Opposing the Vietnam War
When were the Watts Riots?
1965
What were the Watts Riots?
A violent example of the emerging alternatives to the traditional Civil Rights movement that focused on ending legal segregation in the Old South.
Who was Malcolm X
Civil rights leader who advocated for separatism and more violent methods.
What was Malcolm X a member of?
Nation of Islam
What group expelled all whites in 1966?
SNCC
Who was replaced by Henry Rap Brown?
Stokely Carmichal
Who elected Floyd McKissick as chairpersons?
CORE
Who was Floyd McKissick?
Supported global wars of liberation
When was the Black Panther Party created?
1966
Who inspired the Black Panthers?
Communists - Che Guevara
What did Rap Brown call for in 1967?
Black Americans to take over white-owned stores in black ghettoes (using force, if necessary)
When were whites excluded from CORE?
1968
Who replaced McKissick?
Roy Innis
Who gave the Black Power Salute at the 1968 Olympics?
Tommy Smith and John Carlos
Who was killed by COINTELPRO?
Fred Hampton
Where were the Black Panthers founded?
Oakland
What did the Black Panthers support?
Black power and black pride
What did the Black Panthers want to end?
Police brutality and end economic struggles of black people
What programmes did the Black Panthers have?
Grassroots programmes - breakfast programmes, legal aid and medical clinics
What methods did the Black Panthers use?
Vigilante patrols in ghettos, carry weapons - violent methods.
What was the Black Panther uniform?
Leather jackets, black berets, natural hair, gloves, sunglasses.
Who was the leader of the Black Panthers?
Huey Newton and Bobby G Seale
When was the grape boycott?
1965
Who were the UFU?
United Farmworkers’ Union
Who did the UFU support?
Exploited latina/latino workers
How many new voters were there by 1965?
100,000
What did immigration legislation mean?
Influx of foreign workers willing to work for lower wages
Why did student protests increase?
Students were the ones being drafted for the Vietnam war
What was the average age of conscriptions for the war?
19
Why was the war seen as pointless?
Tet Offensive, My Lai Massacre, Walter Cronkite, Sitting Room war and the draft
What was counter culture rebelling against?
The establishment
What influenced student protests?
Civil rights movement
How many students were in higher education?
50%
How many students were gaining degrees?
20%
What was the influence of the age of majority being 21?
Colleges were more paternalistic
What was the influence of the age of majority being 21?
Colleges were more paternalistic
What does SDS stand for?
Students for a Democratic Society
What did Tom Hayden want in 1965?
A second march on Washington
What was published in 1962?
Port Huron Statement
What happened in 1964 at UoC?
Protests over lifting the ban against political activity
How many people turned up in Central Park in 1967?
500,000
How many demonstrations were there in 1968?
221
What was the issue at Colombia?
Students were against the university having weapons contracts
When was the Kent State Massacre?
1970 - Ohio
What happened at Berkley UCLA?
Teach ins - lock ins of classrooms
Why did Berkley students protest?
They were prevented from exercising freedom of speech
How many students were arrested?
800
When was the Berkley protest?
1964
How did the Hippies protest?
Took drugs - LSD especially
Who inspired the Hippies?
British Rock Music and other aspects of counter culture
Why did the Hippies protest?
Rejecting their parents generation
Who founded NOW?
Betty Friedan
When was NOW founded?
1966
What organisation did NOW crash?
Miss America Pageant 1968 - crowned a sheep Miss America
What gave women more autonomy over their body?
The Pill
What were College Students protesting?
The War - believed young men shouldn’t be drafted
Who did College students take their protests to?
Police - met with police brutality
How did LBJ respond?
Did not accept a second term as president
When was RFK killed?
1968
When was the DNC?
1968
What did Daley do the Chicago?
Put it under police control
What did the SDS want to do?
Have their say in who was nominated
Who was involved in the DNC protests?
SDS and Yippies
What did the authorities do?
Make an example out of protesters
Why did people vote for Nixon?
Wanted someone to restore law and order
When was Woodstock?
1969
When was the Summer of Love?
1967
How much money was a woman making in 1963?
$0.59 to every dollar a man makes
What jobs were women expected to take?
Secretaries, teachers, seamstress, waitress
When was Feminine Mystique written?
1963
What did the Feminine Mystique highlight?
Women have a desire to be something more than a housewife
Suburbs were comfortable concentration camps
What was the Pill first given the green light for?
Extreme Menstrual distress in 1957
What book did Helen Gurley Brown write in 1962?
Sex and the Single Girl
What did Sex and the Single Girl highlight?
Inequalities between men and women in regards to sexuality and sex
What SCOTUS case allowed married couples to get the pill?
Griswold vs Connecticut 1965
What inspired the women’s Lib movement?
Civil Rights movement - women were seen as second rate citizens in the civil rights movement therefore need their own movement
How women were in regular employment in 1965?
25 million
What % of married women with children had a full or part time job?
40%
What % of married women with children had a full or part time job by 1968?
40%
What happened to the proportion of women 20-24 in employment?
Rose from 50%-61%
What did the Civil Rights Act do for women?
Section VII of the Act outlawed discrimination in employment on the basis of sex
What was formed in 1967 and 1968?
Womens Liberation Movement
What did Gloria Steinem do?
Write “A Bunny’s Tale”
Who else was a major figure in the Women’s lib movement?
Shulasmith Firestone + Ti-Grace Atkinson
What did the Education Act do in 1972?
Schools to receive federal funding to eliminate sex discrimination
What % of athletic programme students were female in 1971?
7%
When was the ERA approved by congress?
1972
How many states ratified the amendment?
28
When was Roe vs Wade?
1973
What was the first gay rights group to be founded?
Mattachine Society
When was the Mattachine Society founded?
1950
What did Eisenhower do in 1953?
Issued an executive order saying that homosexuality was a sufficient reason to fire a federal employee.
What did Eisenhower do in 1953?
Issued an executive order saying that homosexuality was a sufficient reason to fire a federal employee.
What were gay men and lesbian women subject to?
Police intimidation
What were gay men and lesbian women subject to?
Police intimidation
When was the Daughters of Bilitis set up?
1955
Who set up the Daughters of Bilitis?
Rose Bamberger and 8 other women
What was the name of the DOB newletter?
the Ladder - started in 1956
What did DOB shift to?
Lesbian civil and political rights and support for those afraid to come out.
When were LGBTQ sit ins in Greensboro?
1960
Who founded Mattachine DC in 1961?
Dr Franklin E. Kameny - radicalised after being fired for not disclosing his sexual orientation
What did Dr E Kameny instrumental in?
Overturning DC’s sodomy laws and having homosexuality not being a mental disorder
Who was the first openly gay person to run for public office?
Jose Sarria for the position on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors
What group did Sarria form?
Tavern Guild - help bars coordinate against police harassment in gay bars
What did Reed Erickson found in 1964?
Erickson Education Foundation to fund research to support trans youth
What happened in 1965 in Washington?
Group march in front of the White House to protests at the repression of gay people in USA and Cuba
What happened between 1965-69?
Pickets outside the Independence Hall in Philadelphia every fourth of July
What happened April 25 1965?
Three teenagers staged a sit in at a restaurant in Philly protesting the establishment’s refusal to serve homosexuals
What happened April 25 1965?
Three teenagers staged a sit in at a restaurant in Philly protesting the establishment’s refusal to serve homosexuals
What happened 17th June 1969?
Stone Wall Riots - police raided the stonewall inn and those inside fought back
Who threw the first brick
Marsh P Johnson
What is Stonewall considered?
Birth of the Gay Liberation movement
How long did the stonewall riots last?
Three days
What was founded in 1969?
Gay Activists Alliance
What was founded by Bunny Eisenhower and Lee Brewster?
Queens Liberation Front
What did NOW do in 1971?
Passed a resolution stating that “a woman’s right to her own person includes the right to define and express her own sexuality and to choose her own lifestyle”
When was homosexuality no longer considered a mental illness?
1973
When was Harvey Milk elected as the first openly gay official of San Francisco?
1977
Who was given power to take action against violations of the CRA?
Attorney General
When was the VRA passed?
1965
How many black people in Mississippi became registered?
6% to 60%
How many black people in Alabama registered?
18% to 54%
In which state did registration decline?
Virginia - 44% to 43%
What amendment outlawed poll taxes
24th Amendment
What act was passed in 1968?
Fair Housing Act
What did the Fair Housing Act do?
Outlawed discrimination over housing
What did LBJ do in 1965?
Executive Order to spread affirmative action
When was the Elementary and Secondary Education Act passed?
1965
What did the Elementary and Secondary Education Act do?
Aimed to help deprived children with federal funds - $1 billion a year to schools with a high concentration of low incomes children
What did local officials do to the programme?
Prevented it from becoming an anti-poverty programme
What % of the funds went to those living above the poverty line?
50%
What programmes encouraged children into pre-school classes?
Headstart programmes
How many children did Headstart programmes help?
8 million
When was the Bilingual Education Act passed?
1968
What did the Bilingual Education Act do?
More aid for non-English speakers
When was the Higher Education Act passed?
1968
What did the Higher Education Act do?
Strengthen colleges and unis and provide financial assistance for students.
What did the Higher education help?
Raise the number of students from 15% to 34% in 1970
When was the Higher Education Act reauthorised?
1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1980, 1986, 1992, 1998 and 2008.
When was the Appalachian Development Act continued by LBJ?
1965
What did the Appalachian Development Act do?
Raise the standard of living in the Appalachia
When was the Housing and Urban Development Act passed?
1965
How many houses were funded through the Housing and Urban Development Act?
240,000
How much money was given for urban renewal?
$2.9 million
What department was set up?
Department of Housing and Urban Development
What act was passed in 1966?
Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Act
What did the Demonstration Cities and metropolitan Act do?
Offered local government 80% grants to deal with issues like crime prevention, healthcare and job creation
How much money was it allowed to spend in 1966?
$412 million
ow much was it allowed to spend in 1967?
$512 million
When did Congress cut funding for the Demonstration Cities and metropolitan Act?
1967
What did congress members want?
Something for their constituency
How many houses were proposed by the Housing Act 1968?
26 million homes in 10 years
How much funding was provided via the Housing Act?
$1.7 million - led to cheaply made homes
How much of the wealth did the top 20% own?
77%
How much of the wealth did the bottom 20% own?
0.5%
What was the state of poverty in 1962?
20-25% of Americans had barely enough money for food and accommodation
When was the Economic Opportunity Act passed?
1964
What did the EOA do?
Established the Office of Economic Opportunity - task of coordinating a variety of initiatives to eradicate poverty in the US.
What was the domestic version of the Peace Corps?
Volunteers in Service to America
How many volunteers in 1968?
3000
What was also created?
Community Action Programmes - way to allow the poor to play a part in federal programmes.
What happened to CAPs?
Overtaken by militants who criticised LBJ for not doing enough.
When were Job Corps introduced?
1964
What were Job Corps?
Improve the skills of unemployed inner-city youths.
How much did the Job Corps cost?
$10 billion - 53 centres
How many families were in poverty in 1959?
40 million
How many families were in poverty in 1968?
28 million
How many families were in poverty in 1970?
25 million
How many states had anti-poverty programmes?
44
How many VISTA volunteers in 1968?
8000
How much was distributed in rural loans in 1968?
$17 million
What proportion of non-white families were still below the poverty line?
1/3
What was introduced for the elderly?
Medicare and Medicaid
What act was passed in 1965?
Social Security Act
What happened to prices following the Social Security Act ?
Snowballed - increased the amount spent to over $2 billion
What did hippies do?
Take drugs
What were hippies’ views towards sex?
Liberal
Which bands influenced the hippie movement?
Beatles, Rolling Stones
When was Woodstock?
1969
Where was the centre of counterculture in San Fran?
Haight Ashbury
Example of a subsection of counterculture?
Flower Power
Example of an anti-war song?
All you need is love - Beatles
What was the most monumental year?
1968
How many troops attack in the Tet?
70,000
When did LBJ exit the presidential race?
March 31st
When was MLK assassinated?
4th April
When was RFK shot?
5th June - after winning the primary
What were the silent majority?
Middle America- those people who are not under the poverty line but aren’t affluent - not benefitting from the Great Society nor are they experiencing the life of luxury
What proportion of America was the silent majority?
55%
What values did the silent majority have?
Traditional values - law and order - belief in the American Dream
What did Nixon dub the counter culture movement?
Militant minority
Who said Vietnam was a losing battle?
Walter Cronkite
What does Nixon promise?
An honourable end to Vietnam - “peace with honour”
What does LBJ promise?
Stop the bombing in Vietnam
What sitcom was popular?
All in the Family - main character hates counter-culture
What TV show did Nixon appear on?
Laugh In - coined the term “sock it to me”
What was the Tet Offensive?
Vietnam troops assault most major cities that were occupied by American troops - manage to take the US embassy in Saigon - massive set back for American in the media.
When was the My Lai massacre?
1968 - over 200 unarmed civilians are killed
What did the Pentagon Papers do?
Expose military actions - lead to a rise in distrust in the government
What was the hard hat riot?
Workers protesting against the protestors against the war
When was the Kent State massacre?
4th May 1970
What happened at Kent State?
4 killed after 900 members of the National Guard deployed - protest against the 150,000 extra troops to Vietnam - 28 troops fire on students
What did opinion polls think of the Kent State massacre?
The National Guard acted reasonably
How many of the National Guard were charged?
8 - never given a prison sentence
How many colleges shut down?
500 colleges
What did Nixon aim to do in terms of civil rights?
Slow down desegregation
What did Nixon support in 1971 and 1973
Bussing of students from one neighbourhood to another - end de facto segregation
What was the response to the bussing of students?
Huge backlash - accusations of wrenching children from their families
What did Nixon want?
What the law required and nothing more
What did he claim to dislike?
Affirmative action - however his administration helped minorities
What did the promotion of affirmative actions do?
Ensure its entrenchment in federal government agencies and contractors
What did Nixon oppose?
Extensions of the VRA
What did he try to do?
Appoint southern white judges to the US Supreme Court but blocked by congress.
What was more important to Nixon than environmentalism?
Jobs
What spurred Nixon’s change of tack on environmentalism?
The spontaneous combustion of Ohios polluted Cuyahoga River
What did Nixon do?
Produced environmental legislation on endangered species (1969), clean air (1970) and coasts (1972), established the Environmental Protection Agency (1970) and created 642 parks.
What did Nixon eliminate?
Inefficient policies of the great society - reformed the “welfare mess
What did he shrink?
OEO
How many Job Corps centres were closed?
59
What was the Family Assistance Plan?
Welfare recipients would only receive $1,600 per annum, second there were work requirements, third number of bureaucrats was decreased.
How many more Americans would be eligible for federal aid?
13 million - rejected by Congress
What Act did Nixon veto?
1971 Child Development Act
What would the 1971 Child Development Act have done?
Provided free childcare to enable poor mothers to work
What did Nixon increase federal spending on?
Education, private healthcare, social security, Medicare and Medicaid and spent more on social programmes than Johnson.
