Protest and Reaction Flashcards
(234 cards)
1
Q
When was the Civil Rights Act Passed?
A
1964
2
Q
What did the CRA do?
A
Ended most legal segregation used against black Americans
3
Q
When was the Selma March?
A
1965
4
Q
What was the Selma March?
A
March from Selma to Montgomery - protest against voting requirements
5
Q
When did MLK try to desegregate housing in Chicago?
A
1966
6
Q
Why did the attempt to desegregate housing fail?
A
Met with violence and opposition from Richard Daley and underestimated the resistance from white neighbourhoods.
7
Q
What happened in 1968?
A
MLK supports the Poor People’s campaign for greater social equality
8
Q
What limited MLK’s success?
A
More radical groups gained more success
9
Q
When was MLK assassinated?
A
April 1968
10
Q
What lost MLK presidential support?
A
Opposing the Vietnam War
11
Q
When were the Watts Riots?
A
1965
12
Q
What were the Watts Riots?
A
A violent example of the emerging alternatives to the traditional Civil Rights movement that focused on ending legal segregation in the Old South.
13
Q
Who was Malcolm X
A
Civil rights leader who advocated for separatism and more violent methods.
14
Q
What was Malcolm X a member of?
A
Nation of Islam
15
Q
What group expelled all whites in 1966?
A
SNCC
16
Q
Who was replaced by Henry Rap Brown?
A
Stokely Carmichal
17
Q
Who elected Floyd McKissick as chairpersons?
A
CORE
18
Q
Who was Floyd McKissick?
A
Supported global wars of liberation
19
Q
When was the Black Panther Party created?
A
1966
20
Q
Who inspired the Black Panthers?
A
Communists - Che Guevara
21
Q
What did Rap Brown call for in 1967?
A
Black Americans to take over white-owned stores in black ghettoes (using force, if necessary)
22
Q
When were whites excluded from CORE?
A
1968
23
Q
Who replaced McKissick?
A
Roy Innis
24
Q
Who gave the Black Power Salute at the 1968 Olympics?
A
Tommy Smith and John Carlos
25
Who was killed by COINTELPRO?
Fred Hampton
26
Where were the Black Panthers founded?
Oakland
27
What did the Black Panthers support?
Black power and black pride
28
What did the Black Panthers want to end?
Police brutality and end economic struggles of black people
29
What programmes did the Black Panthers have?
Grassroots programmes - breakfast programmes, legal aid and medical clinics
30
What methods did the Black Panthers use?
Vigilante patrols in ghettos, carry weapons - violent methods.
31
What was the Black Panther uniform?
Leather jackets, black berets, natural hair, gloves, sunglasses.
32
Who was the leader of the Black Panthers?
Huey Newton and Bobby G Seale
33
When was the grape boycott?
1965
34
Who were the UFU?
United Farmworkers' Union
35
Who did the UFU support?
Exploited latina/latino workers
36
How many new voters were there by 1965?
100,000
37
What did immigration legislation mean?
Influx of foreign workers willing to work for lower wages
38
Why did student protests increase?
Students were the ones being drafted for the Vietnam war
39
What was the average age of conscriptions for the war?
19
40
Why was the war seen as pointless?
Tet Offensive, My Lai Massacre, Walter Cronkite, Sitting Room war and the draft
41
What was counter culture rebelling against?
The establishment
42
What influenced student protests?
Civil rights movement
43
How many students were in higher education?
50%
44
How many students were gaining degrees?
20%
45
What was the influence of the age of majority being 21?
Colleges were more paternalistic
46
What was the influence of the age of majority being 21?
Colleges were more paternalistic
47
What does SDS stand for?
Students for a Democratic Society
48
What did Tom Hayden want in 1965?
A second march on Washington
49
What was published in 1962?
Port Huron Statement
50
What happened in 1964 at UoC?
Protests over lifting the ban against political activity
51
How many people turned up in Central Park in 1967?
500,000
52
How many demonstrations were there in 1968?
221
53
What was the issue at Colombia?
Students were against the university having weapons contracts
54
When was the Kent State Massacre?
1970 - Ohio
55
What happened at Berkley UCLA?
Teach ins - lock ins of classrooms
56
Why did Berkley students protest?
They were prevented from exercising freedom of speech
57
How many students were arrested?
800
58
When was the Berkley protest?
1964
59
How did the Hippies protest?
Took drugs - LSD especially
60
Who inspired the Hippies?
British Rock Music and other aspects of counter culture
61
Why did the Hippies protest?
Rejecting their parents generation
62
Who founded NOW?
Betty Friedan
63
When was NOW founded?
1966
64
What organisation did NOW crash?
Miss America Pageant 1968 - crowned a sheep Miss America
65
What gave women more autonomy over their body?
The Pill
66
What were College Students protesting?
The War - believed young men shouldn't be drafted
67
Who did College students take their protests to?
Police - met with police brutality
68
How did LBJ respond?
Did not accept a second term as president
69
When was RFK killed?
1968
70
When was the DNC?
1968
71
What did Daley do the Chicago?
Put it under police control
72
What did the SDS want to do?
Have their say in who was nominated
73
Who was involved in the DNC protests?
SDS and Yippies
74
What did the authorities do?
Make an example out of protesters
75
Why did people vote for Nixon?
Wanted someone to restore law and order
76
When was Woodstock?
1969
77
When was the Summer of Love?
1967
78
How much money was a woman making in 1963?
$0.59 to every dollar a man makes
79
What jobs were women expected to take?
Secretaries, teachers, seamstress, waitress
80
When was Feminine Mystique written?
1963
81
What did the Feminine Mystique highlight?
Women have a desire to be something more than a housewife
Suburbs were comfortable concentration camps
82
What was the Pill first given the green light for?
Extreme Menstrual distress in 1957
83
What book did Helen Gurley Brown write in 1962?
Sex and the Single Girl
84
What did Sex and the Single Girl highlight?
Inequalities between men and women in regards to sexuality and sex
85
What SCOTUS case allowed married couples to get the pill?
Griswold vs Connecticut 1965
86
What inspired the women's Lib movement?
Civil Rights movement - women were seen as second rate citizens in the civil rights movement therefore need their own movement
87
How women were in regular employment in 1965?
25 million
88
What % of married women with children had a full or part time job?
40%
89
What % of married women with children had a full or part time job by 1968?
40%
90
What happened to the proportion of women 20-24 in employment?
Rose from 50%-61%
91
What did the Civil Rights Act do for women?
Section VII of the Act outlawed discrimination in employment on the basis of sex
92
What was formed in 1967 and 1968?
Womens Liberation Movement
93
What did Gloria Steinem do?
Write "A Bunny's Tale"
94
Who else was a major figure in the Women's lib movement?
Shulasmith Firestone + Ti-Grace Atkinson
95
What did the Education Act do in 1972?
Schools to receive federal funding to eliminate sex discrimination
96
What % of athletic programme students were female in 1971?
7%
97
When was the ERA approved by congress?
1972
98
How many states ratified the amendment?
28
99
When was Roe vs Wade?
1973
100
What was the first gay rights group to be founded?
Mattachine Society
101
When was the Mattachine Society founded?
1950
102
What did Eisenhower do in 1953?
Issued an executive order saying that homosexuality was a sufficient reason to fire a federal employee.
103
What did Eisenhower do in 1953?
Issued an executive order saying that homosexuality was a sufficient reason to fire a federal employee.
104
What were gay men and lesbian women subject to?
Police intimidation
105
What were gay men and lesbian women subject to?
Police intimidation
106
When was the Daughters of Bilitis set up?
1955
107
Who set up the Daughters of Bilitis?
Rose Bamberger and 8 other women
108
What was the name of the DOB newletter?
the Ladder - started in 1956
109
What did DOB shift to?
Lesbian civil and political rights and support for those afraid to come out.
110
When were LGBTQ sit ins in Greensboro?
1960
111
Who founded Mattachine DC in 1961?
Dr Franklin E. Kameny - radicalised after being fired for not disclosing his sexual orientation
112
What did Dr E Kameny instrumental in?
Overturning DC's sodomy laws and having homosexuality not being a mental disorder
113
Who was the first openly gay person to run for public office?
Jose Sarria for the position on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors
114
What group did Sarria form?
Tavern Guild - help bars coordinate against police harassment in gay bars
115
What did Reed Erickson found in 1964?
Erickson Education Foundation to fund research to support trans youth
116
What happened in 1965 in Washington?
Group march in front of the White House to protests at the repression of gay people in USA and Cuba
117
What happened between 1965-69?
Pickets outside the Independence Hall in Philadelphia every fourth of July
118
What happened April 25 1965?
Three teenagers staged a sit in at a restaurant in Philly protesting the establishment's refusal to serve homosexuals
119
What happened April 25 1965?
Three teenagers staged a sit in at a restaurant in Philly protesting the establishment's refusal to serve homosexuals
120
What happened 17th June 1969?
Stone Wall Riots - police raided the stonewall inn and those inside fought back
121
Who threw the first brick
Marsh P Johnson
122
What is Stonewall considered?
Birth of the Gay Liberation movement
123
How long did the stonewall riots last?
Three days
124
What was founded in 1969?
Gay Activists Alliance
125
What was founded by Bunny Eisenhower and Lee Brewster?
Queens Liberation Front
126
What did NOW do in 1971?
Passed a resolution stating that "a woman's right to her own person includes the right to define and express her own sexuality and to choose her own lifestyle"
127
When was homosexuality no longer considered a mental illness?
1973
128
When was Harvey Milk elected as the first openly gay official of San Francisco?
1977
129
Who was given power to take action against violations of the CRA?
Attorney General
130
When was the VRA passed?
1965
131
How many black people in Mississippi became registered?
6% to 60%
132
How many black people in Alabama registered?
18% to 54%
133
In which state did registration decline?
Virginia - 44% to 43%
134
What amendment outlawed poll taxes
24th Amendment
135
What act was passed in 1968?
Fair Housing Act
136
What did the Fair Housing Act do?
Outlawed discrimination over housing
137
What did LBJ do in 1965?
Executive Order to spread affirmative action
138
When was the Elementary and Secondary Education Act passed?
1965
139
What did the Elementary and Secondary Education Act do?
Aimed to help deprived children with federal funds - $1 billion a year to schools with a high concentration of low incomes children
140
What did local officials do to the programme?
Prevented it from becoming an anti-poverty programme
141
What % of the funds went to those living above the poverty line?
50%
142
What programmes encouraged children into pre-school classes?
Headstart programmes
143
How many children did Headstart programmes help?
8 million
144
When was the Bilingual Education Act passed?
1968
145
What did the Bilingual Education Act do?
More aid for non-English speakers
146
When was the Higher Education Act passed?
1968
147
What did the Higher Education Act do?
Strengthen colleges and unis and provide financial assistance for students.
148
What did the Higher education help?
Raise the number of students from 15% to 34% in 1970
149
When was the Higher Education Act reauthorised?
1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1980, 1986, 1992, 1998 and 2008.
150
When was the Appalachian Development Act continued by LBJ?
1965
151
What did the Appalachian Development Act do?
Raise the standard of living in the Appalachia
152
When was the Housing and Urban Development Act passed?
1965
153
How many houses were funded through the Housing and Urban Development Act?
240,000
154
How much money was given for urban renewal?
$2.9 million
155
What department was set up?
Department of Housing and Urban Development
156
What act was passed in 1966?
Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Act
157
What did the Demonstration Cities and metropolitan Act do?
Offered local government 80% grants to deal with issues like crime prevention, healthcare and job creation
158
How much money was it allowed to spend in 1966?
$412 million
159
ow much was it allowed to spend in 1967?
$512 million
160
When did Congress cut funding for the Demonstration Cities and metropolitan Act?
1967
161
What did congress members want?
Something for their constituency
162
How many houses were proposed by the Housing Act 1968?
26 million homes in 10 years
163
How much funding was provided via the Housing Act?
$1.7 million - led to cheaply made homes
164
How much of the wealth did the top 20% own?
77%
165
How much of the wealth did the bottom 20% own?
0.5%
166
What was the state of poverty in 1962?
20-25% of Americans had barely enough money for food and accommodation
167
When was the Economic Opportunity Act passed?
1964
168
What did the EOA do?
Established the Office of Economic Opportunity - task of coordinating a variety of initiatives to eradicate poverty in the US.
169
What was the domestic version of the Peace Corps?
Volunteers in Service to America
170
How many volunteers in 1968?
3000
171
What was also created?
Community Action Programmes - way to allow the poor to play a part in federal programmes.
172
What happened to CAPs?
Overtaken by militants who criticised LBJ for not doing enough.
173
When were Job Corps introduced?
1964
174
What were Job Corps?
Improve the skills of unemployed inner-city youths.
175
How much did the Job Corps cost?
$10 billion - 53 centres
176
How many families were in poverty in 1959?
40 million
177
How many families were in poverty in 1968?
28 million
178
How many families were in poverty in 1970?
25 million
179
How many states had anti-poverty programmes?
44
180
How many VISTA volunteers in 1968?
8000
181
How much was distributed in rural loans in 1968?
$17 million
182
What proportion of non-white families were still below the poverty line?
1/3
183
What was introduced for the elderly?
Medicare and Medicaid
184
What act was passed in 1965?
Social Security Act
185
What happened to prices following the Social Security Act ?
Snowballed - increased the amount spent to over $2 billion
186
What did hippies do?
Take drugs
187
What were hippies' views towards sex?
Liberal
188
Which bands influenced the hippie movement?
Beatles, Rolling Stones
189
When was Woodstock?
1969
190
Where was the centre of counterculture in San Fran?
Haight Ashbury
191
Example of a subsection of counterculture?
Flower Power
192
Example of an anti-war song?
All you need is love - Beatles
193
What was the most monumental year?
1968
194
How many troops attack in the Tet?
70,000
195
When did LBJ exit the presidential race?
March 31st
196
When was MLK assassinated?
4th April
197
When was RFK shot?
5th June - after winning the primary
198
What were the silent majority?
Middle America- those people who are not under the poverty line but aren't affluent - not benefitting from the Great Society nor are they experiencing the life of luxury
199
What proportion of America was the silent majority?
55%
200
What values did the silent majority have?
Traditional values - law and order - belief in the American Dream
201
What did Nixon dub the counter culture movement?
Militant minority
202
Who said Vietnam was a losing battle?
Walter Cronkite
203
What does Nixon promise?
An honourable end to Vietnam - "peace with honour"
204
What does LBJ promise?
Stop the bombing in Vietnam
205
What sitcom was popular?
All in the Family - main character hates counter-culture
206
What TV show did Nixon appear on?
Laugh In - coined the term "sock it to me"
207
What was the Tet Offensive?
Vietnam troops assault most major cities that were occupied by American troops - manage to take the US embassy in Saigon - massive set back for American in the media.
208
When was the My Lai massacre?
1968 - over 200 unarmed civilians are killed
209
What did the Pentagon Papers do?
Expose military actions - lead to a rise in distrust in the government
210
What was the hard hat riot?
Workers protesting against the protestors against the war
211
When was the Kent State massacre?
4th May 1970
212
What happened at Kent State?
4 killed after 900 members of the National Guard deployed - protest against the 150,000 extra troops to Vietnam - 28 troops fire on students
213
What did opinion polls think of the Kent State massacre?
The National Guard acted reasonably
214
How many of the National Guard were charged?
8 - never given a prison sentence
215
How many colleges shut down?
500 colleges
216
What did Nixon aim to do in terms of civil rights?
Slow down desegregation
217
What did Nixon support in 1971 and 1973
Bussing of students from one neighbourhood to another - end de facto segregation
218
What was the response to the bussing of students?
Huge backlash - accusations of wrenching children from their families
219
What did Nixon want?
What the law required and nothing more
220
What did he claim to dislike?
Affirmative action - however his administration helped minorities
221
What did the promotion of affirmative actions do?
Ensure its entrenchment in federal government agencies and contractors
222
What did Nixon oppose?
Extensions of the VRA
223
What did he try to do?
Appoint southern white judges to the US Supreme Court but blocked by congress.
224
What was more important to Nixon than environmentalism?
Jobs
225
What spurred Nixon's change of tack on environmentalism?
The spontaneous combustion of Ohios polluted Cuyahoga River
226
What did Nixon do?
Produced environmental legislation on endangered species (1969), clean air (1970) and coasts (1972), established the Environmental Protection Agency (1970) and created 642 parks.
227
What did Nixon eliminate?
Inefficient policies of the great society - reformed the "welfare mess
228
What did he shrink?
OEO
229
How many Job Corps centres were closed?
59
230
What was the Family Assistance Plan?
Welfare recipients would only receive $1,600 per annum, second there were work requirements, third number of bureaucrats was decreased.
231
How many more Americans would be eligible for federal aid?
13 million - rejected by Congress
232
What Act did Nixon veto?
1971 Child Development Act
233
What would the 1971 Child Development Act have done?
Provided free childcare to enable poor mothers to work
234
What did Nixon increase federal spending on?
Education, private healthcare, social security, Medicare and Medicaid and spent more on social programmes than Johnson.
