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Edexcel History: USA - Conformity and Challenge > Affluence and Conformity > Flashcards

Affluence and Conformity Flashcards

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1
Q

How much did disposable income increase from 1950-60?

A

1950: $206.90 to 1960: $350 - increase of $143.10

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2
Q

Why did cities become more deprived?

A

White flight - white families moved out and were no longer helping with the city upkeep through taxes. Suburbia growth in popularity - better amenities

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3
Q

What happened to white collar jobs?

A

They become more common - more white collar jobs than blue collar - more money for the economy.

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4
Q

When did consumerism begin to grow?

A

1949-55

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5
Q

What happened to the birth rate?

A

It rose - more people having the money to raise kids.

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6
Q

What was Eisenhower’s greatest achievement?

A

National Interstate and Defence Highways Act 1956

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7
Q

How many people owned their own homes in 1960?

A

3/5 families - 18 million move to the suburbs

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8
Q

What did the establishment of highways lead to?

A

Cars, suburbs, industries, drive ins, national parks, beaches, malls, motels.

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9
Q

How much did car production grow between 1946 and 1955?

A

From 2 million to 8 million

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10
Q

What was car ownership at in 1960?

A

75% of Americans had at least one car
15% of people own two cars
Lead to rise in tourism, employment and independence.

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11
Q

What were the big three car producers?

A

Ford, Chrysler and General Motors

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12
Q

What cars were associated with Black Americans?

A

Cadillacs

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13
Q

How many cars were discarded each year?

A

7 million

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14
Q

What percentage of women have a job by 1960?

A

40% compared to 33% in 1950

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15
Q

What happened to US GNP between 1950 and 1960?

A

Almost doubled.
Buying power rose fivefold

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16
Q

What did the GI Bill of 1944 do?

A

Army veterans benefitted from no down payments on a house - houses and mortgages more accessible to some people

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17
Q

What did houses become?

A

Expensive commodities rather than just a place to live

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18
Q

What were women expected to do after the war?

A

Become housewives

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19
Q

What jobs did women tend to have?

A

Shopping/sales assistants - low salaries and very few benefits.

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20
Q

What did women have to conform to?

A

Beauty standards and experiencing oppression - housewifery.

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21
Q

What became mandatory as a result of suburbs?

A

Owning a car - public transport was poor.

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22
Q

How was affluence different in the South/

A

South per capita income was less than half the national average.

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23
Q

What was the median income of a white family?

A

$4392

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24
Q

What was the median income of a non-white family

A

$2461

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25
Q

What does the gap grow to by 1960

A

$5835 for white families, $3233 for non-white

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26
Q

What percentage of the suburbs were occupied by ethnic minorities?

A

5%

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27
Q

Where was there still segregation?

A

South

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28
Q

What did the FHA do?

A

Implemented restrictive covenants - houses in the suburbs cannot be sold to certain people - white families didn’t want neighbourhoods to be tainted.

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29
Q

What concept describes white people moving if a black family moved next door?

A

White Flight

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30
Q

What did the suburbs reinforce?

A

Class and racial divides - white people didn’t want black people moving in - believed it would put their investment in jeopardy.

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31
Q

What was hit hard by white flight?

A

Education - local taxes pay for local education - poorer areas would not have the same opportunities as more affluent areas.

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32
Q

What benefit did men receive that women didn’t?

A

Low VA mortgages as a result of the veteran status - additional credit benefit that home ownership made available.

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33
Q

Who’s name did the credit card have to be in?

A

The man’s/ husband’s

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34
Q

What does the NAACP stand for?

A

National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People

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35
Q

What was the aim of the NAACP?

A

Aimed to make black citizens economically, intellectually, politically and socially free and equal

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36
Q

What was the NAACP’s strategy?

A

Litigation - focussing on overturning Plessy vs Ferguson.

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37
Q

How successful was the NAACP?

A

Succeeded in de jure change but rarely had speedy and practical solutions.

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38
Q

What does the SCLC stand for?

A

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

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39
Q

Who founded the SCLC?

A

MLK

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40
Q

When was the SCLC founded?

A

1957 - after the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

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41
Q

What did the SCLC do?

A

Stage the Birmingham campaign, organise the March on Washington and Selma.

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42
Q

What was the aim of the SCLC?

A

Force positive federal response

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43
Q

What does CORE stand for?

A

Congress of Racial Equality

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44
Q

What was the aim of CORE?

A

Force a positive federal response.

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45
Q

What did CORE do in 1961?

A

Initiate the Freedom Rides - exposing southern white bigotry and prompted RFK to enforce Boynton vs Virginia

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46
Q

What does SNCC stand for?

A

Students Non-violent Coordinating Committee

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47
Q

What did SNCC do?

A

Participate in sit-ins
Organise grassroots activism - drives to register black votes in the Mississippi Delta.

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48
Q

How many students participated in counter sit-ins?

A

70,000

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49
Q

When was Freedom Summer?

A

1964

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50
Q

How many black voters tried to register in Mississippi?

A

17,000

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51
Q

What does WCC stand for?

A

White Citizen Councils.

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52
Q

When was the WCC set up?

A

1954

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53
Q

Why was the WCC set up?

A

In response to Brown vs Board 1954

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54
Q

Which group supported segregation by all means?

A

Southern Manifesto

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55
Q

What % of schools were desegregated in the South by 1963?

A

9%

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56
Q

What did the membership of WCC peak at in 1956?

A

250,000

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57
Q

What methods did the WCC use?

A

Propaganda, sponsoring white schools, threatened civil rights activists.

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58
Q

What does the KKK stand for?

A

Klu Klux Klan

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59
Q

Who were the KKK?

A

Armed racist group

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60
Q

When was the KKK established?

A

1866

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61
Q

When was the KKK revived?

A

1915 and after Brown

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62
Q

What suggested that the KKK had lost its impact?

A

Montgomery Bus Boycotts

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63
Q

When did the KKK bomb MLK’s house?

A

1956

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64
Q

When did the KKK bomb MLK’s hotel room?

A

1963

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65
Q

Where else did the KKK bomb in 1963?

A

Birmingham Church

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66
Q

What other violent methods did the KKK use?

A

Cross burnings, church burnings, beatings, shootings and murders

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67
Q

What happened to its membership in the 1970s.?

A

It tripled.

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68
Q

When was Little Rock?

A

1957

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69
Q

Who was the first child to desegregate white schools

A

Ruby Bridges

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70
Q

Who were the first students to enroll in UoA in 1963?

A

James Hood and Vivien Malone

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71
Q

Who was the first African American student at the UoM?

A

James Meredith in 1961

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72
Q

What supreme court decision did the MBB trigger?

A

Browder vs Gayle

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73
Q

What lead to the passing of the CRA?

A

Birmingham Protest

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74
Q

Who was the leader of the opposition at Birmingham?

A

Bull Connor

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75
Q

What grabbed media attention at Birmingham?

A

The violence of the police

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76
Q

What commission desegregates interstate transit?

A

1961 Interstate Commerce Commission

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77
Q

Where did the KKK firebomb freedom riders in 1961?

A

Anniston Alabama

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78
Q

What was the date of the Little Rock Nine?

A

3rd September 1957

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79
Q

Example of one of the children:

A

Melba Beals

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80
Q

What was the intention of the governor at Little Rock?

A

No intention to allow black students to attend the school - ordered the national guard to surround the school.

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81
Q

Who escorted the children into school?

A

National Guard

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82
Q

Who wrote about the differences between the life of a white and a black man?

A

James Baldwin

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83
Q

What methods did the police use at Birmingham?

A

Hoses, dogs, rubber bullets etc.

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84
Q

When was the March on Washington?

A

August 28th 1963

85
Q

How many people attended the March on Washington?

A

250,000 - including Marlon Brando

86
Q

Who was the chairman of SNCC in 1963?

A

John Lewis

87
Q

How many people did Lewis lead at Selma?

A

600 peaceful demonstrators.

88
Q

Who were considered the Big Six of the civil right movement?

A

MLK, James Farmer, A. Phillip Randolph, Roy Wilkins, John Lewis and Whitney Young

89
Q

What happened to Emmett Till in 1955?

A

He was lynched by the KKK

90
Q

What happened to Emmett Till’s murderers

A

They were acquitted

91
Q

Who was the NAACP secretary for Mississippi?

A

Medgar Evers

92
Q

When was Medgar Evers assassinated?

A

1963

93
Q

Who were the beats?

A

Individuals protesting against the conformity in society

94
Q

What became more mainstream?

A

Beatnik culture

95
Q

What was generally associated with Beats?

A

Literature and Poetry

96
Q

Where were the Beats?

A

Greenwich Village and North Beach

97
Q

What happened to comics in 1955?

A

13 states banned the sale of comics due to the rise of juvenile delinquency.

98
Q

What book did Frederick Wortham write?

A

“Seduction of the Innocent”

99
Q

When were the Senate hearings on juvenile delinquency?

A

1955 and 1956

100
Q

How big were the gangs roaming the streets and where were they?

A

Between 10 and 250 teens in NYC and Chicago.

101
Q

What was the minimum wage raised to in 1961?

A

$1 to $1.25

102
Q

What was the Equal Pay Act proposed?

A

1963

103
Q

What was the aim of the Equal Pay Act?

A

Women get paid the same as men for the same job

104
Q

How much was social security taxes proposed to be increased by?

A

0.25%

105
Q

Why was social security tax going to be increased?

A

In order to pay for Medicare for the poor and the elderly.

106
Q

What act was passed in 1961?

A

Area Development Act

107
Q

Why wasn’t social security tax raised?

A

House Ways and Means Committee killed it off

108
Q

Who was the chair of the House Ways and Means Committee?

A

Wilbur Mills

109
Q

What did the Area Development Act do?

A

$394 million provided over four years to aid areas like Appalachia.

110
Q

How many jobs did the Area Development Act create?

A

26,000 jobs

111
Q

How many laundry workers didn’t benefit from the rise in minimum wage?

A

150,000

112
Q

What act was passed in 1962?

A

Development and Training Act

113
Q

What did the Development and Training Act do?

A

Provided job training to the poorly educated.

114
Q

How many states applied for the funding under the Development Training act?

A

40 states

115
Q

How many people got trained?

A

12,600

116
Q

When was the Housing Act passed?

A

1961

117
Q

How much was the fund for the housing projects?

A

$4.8 billion

118
Q

When was the School Assurance Bill submitted?

A

1961

119
Q

What was the School Assurance Bill?

A

$2.3 billion over the next three years to construct schools and raise teachers salaries.

120
Q

What schools were excluded from the bill?

A

Church schools - Kennedy was a Catholic

121
Q

Who criticised the bill?

A

Roman Catholic Bishops.

122
Q

How did JFK increase school lunch and milk programmes?

A

Executive order

123
Q

How many kids got free lunches?

A

700,000

124
Q

How many kids got milk?

A

85,000

125
Q

When was the Higher Educational Facilities Act Passed?

A

1963

126
Q

What did the Higher Education Facilities Act do?

A

Gave $145 million in grants to graduate schools - science, languages and engineering.

127
Q

What department did Kennedy make?

A

Department of Urban Affairs

128
Q

When was the Trade Expansion Act passed?

A

1962

129
Q

What did the Trade Expansion Act do?

A

Cut tariffs on average of around 35%. President could cut tariffs up to 50% with other countries that would welcome US goods.

130
Q

What Committee was created through an executive order?

A

Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity?

131
Q

What was the COEEO?

A

The first attempt at affirmative action

132
Q

How high was black unemployment?

A

Twice that of white unemployment

133
Q

When were Food Stamps issued?

A

1962

134
Q

How many people were fed through food stamps?

A

240,000

135
Q

How much did food stamps cost the state?

A

$22 million

136
Q

What was the Food and Agriculture Act?

A

Provided subsidies to farmers.

137
Q

What did Kennedy declare alarming?

A

River and Stream Pollution

138
Q

When was the Water Pollution Control Act Amendment passed?

A

1961

139
Q

What happened in 1961 in terms of environmentalism?

A

More than 6000 bird were reported dead

140
Q

When did Rachel Carson release Silent Spring?

A

1962

141
Q

What was Silent Spring?

A

Book - pointing the finger of the birds at chemical pesticides.

142
Q

What was Silent Spring deemed as?

A

The most controversial book of the year - calling out industrial malpractice.

143
Q

Who did Carson take on in 1962?

A

Big companies who produced chemicals and supplied them.

144
Q

What did her book become?

A

A wake up call for society for them to realise that their actions have the power to destroy the habitat and the lives of animals.

145
Q

What was the impact of silent spring on Kennedy?

A

Kennedy’s administration revealed that their pesticide control would be looked over again.

146
Q

What was Carson accused of?

A

Being anti-business and anti-American.

147
Q

How did sexism come into play with Carson?

A

Businesses used her gender to justify her “hysterics”

148
Q

What happened in April 1963?

A

Special 60 minute broadcast on ABC on pesticides.

149
Q

What happened 6 weeks after the broadcast?

A

JFK completely back Carson’s case - not just a threat to animals but also humans.

150
Q

What act was passed in 1963 (environmentalism)?

A

Clean Air Act

151
Q

What did the Clean Air Act do?

A

Limited pollution emissions and set up an advisory committee on pesticides.

152
Q

When did Stuart Udall publish the Quiet Crisis?

A

1963

153
Q

Who was appointed as Head of Service to achieve Udall’s aim?

A

George Hertzog

154
Q

Who was Stuart Udall?

A

Secretary of the Interior

155
Q

Who was Stuart Udall?

A

Secretary of the Interior

156
Q

How many acres were acquired for Nationalism Park Service?

A

3.85 million

157
Q

How many national monument were added?

A

6

158
Q

How many national recreation areas were added?

A

9

159
Q

How many historic sites were protected?

A

20

160
Q

How many wildlife refuges were established?

A

50

161
Q

How many national seashores were added?

A

8

162
Q

When were the Peace Corps created?

A

1961

163
Q

How were the Peace Corps created?

A

Executive Order

164
Q

What were the Peace Corps?

A

A programme to send American men and women to developing countries to help transport technical and economic aid.

165
Q

How many volunteers were there in the first year?

A

5000

166
Q

How many countries were a part of the programme?

A

46

167
Q

Who was the Peace Corps runs by?

A

Kennedy’s brother in law - Sergeant Shriver

168
Q

What was the approval rating for the Peace Corps?

A

71%

169
Q

Why were the peace corps so popular?

A

general hope that it could combat soviet propaganda and win support for capitalism.

170
Q

What did critics think the peace corps was?

A

Yankee Imperialism - young people wanting a holiday.

171
Q

How much investment did JFK ask for for the Space Programme?

A

$7-9 billion over 5 years.

172
Q

Who was the first man in space?

A

Yuri Gagarin

173
Q

When did Yuri Gagarin get to space?

A

1961

174
Q

Who were the two astronauts to travel to space in 1961?

A

Shepard and Grissom

175
Q

When did John Glenn orbit the earth?

A

1962

176
Q

What did JFK call for in his 1961 speech?

A

A man on the moon before the end of the decade.

177
Q

What did the technology from the Space Race make?

A

NON STICK PANS!!!!!!!!!!!!!

178
Q

How many people in favour of the moon landing?

A

58%

179
Q

What book did Kinsey write?

A

Sexual Behaviour in the Human Male

180
Q

How many teenagers were sexually active?

A

95%

181
Q

What film was James Dean in?

A

Rebel without a Cause

182
Q

What was Marlon Brando in?

A

Wild One

183
Q

What was so scandalous about Elvis?

A

His hips

184
Q

How was rock and roll categorised?

A

“Black music”

185
Q

What happened to top 10 hits by black people between 1955-63?

A

Increased by 50%

186
Q

What did music allow teens to have?

A

Their own culture

187
Q

What show did Elvis appear on?

A

Ed Sullivan Show

188
Q

What film represented Latinx people?

A

West Side Story

189
Q

What film had the first interracial couple?

A

Island in the Sun 1957

190
Q

What film challenged sex in marriage?

A

Baby Doll 1956

191
Q

What film did Sidney Poitier win Best Actor for?

A

Lilies of the Field

192
Q

When did the Dick Van Dyke show get cancelled?

A

1966

193
Q

What happened to Paths of Glory?

A

Anti-war film 1957 - critically acclaimed but didn’t succeed at the box office.

194
Q

What did suburbs lead to?

A

De Facto segregation

195
Q

What book did William Whyte write?

A

The Organisation Man - mass society - everyone is the same and owns the same thing.

196
Q

What was I Love Lucy about?

A

A housewife

197
Q

When did Father Knows Best start?

A

1953

198
Q

What did advertising target?

A

Subculture to enhance consumerism - companies told people what to buy

199
Q

How much money was spent on advertising in 1950

A

$5.7 billion

200
Q

How much was spent on advertising in 1960?

A

$11.9 billion - more than spent on education

201
Q

How much did TV companies revenue increase?

A

1000%

202
Q

What happened to some “black music”?

A

Southern stations wouldn’t play it.

203
Q

Why did Nat King Cole’s show get cancelled?

A

Didn’t bring enough money in from advertisement - television not as progressive as film.

204
Q

What did cars mean for teenagers?

A

They had more independence

205
Q

What book did Jack Kerouac write?

A

On the Road

206
Q

Who wrote Howl?

A

Alan Ginsburg

207
Q

How many copies of playboy were sold within its first year?

A

100,000

208
Q

Who was the first playmate?

A

Marilyn Monroe

209
Q

When did American Bandstand go national?

A

1957

Edexcel History: USA - Conformity and Challenge (4 decks)

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