Republican Dominance and Its Opposition Flashcards
1
Q
What was unemployment?
A
8 million
2
Q
How much did unemployment jump in April 1980?
A
Almost a full percentage - 825,000 workers in the streets
3
Q
What was inflation in 1979?
A
13%
4
Q
What was inflation in 1980?
A
12%
5
Q
What did people have to do to maintain their living standards?
A
Work harder and harder
6
Q
What did cost of borrowing money increase to?
A
20%
7
Q
What did spiralling interest do?
A
Hurt everyone - house mortgages etc.
8
Q
What was the state of wages?
A
Hourly compensation for American workers at its lowest in almost two decades
9
Q
What was the federal budget deficit at in 1980?
A
$80 million
10
Q
What was the national debt?
A
$1 trillion
11
Q
What did Reagan cut?
A
Welfare spending - arbiter of small government
12
Q
Why was small government popular?
A
Watergate scandal hangover - no trust in big government
13
Q
What economic theories did Reagan use?
A
Supply-side economics and trick down economics
14
Q
What did Reagan believe?
A
The USA was not productive due to high levels of tax - so taxes were cut and productivity increased.
15
Q
Where were the cuts?
A
Government spending, income and capital gains taxes, business regulations and expansion of money supply
16
Q
Who led the Programme for Economic Growth?
A
David Stockman
17
Q
What did investments lead to?
A
New factories and products and therefore more workers
18
Q
What created a demand for goods?
A
Workers having more personal income
19
Q
How much was public spending cut by?
A
$35 billion
20
Q
What declined?
A
The misery index
21
Q
What happened to GDP?
A
Increased to the second best in recent history
22
Q
What did Reagan lower?
A
Interest rates - wall street boom with investments
23
Q
What % of its workforce did the Office Surface Mining lose between 1981 and 1982?
A
40%
24
Q
What was the growth in real GNP?
A
11%
25
What happened to the deficit?
Highest deficit - which continued into Bush who continued Reaganomics
26
What happened to economic divides?
Jump from the levels of Carter and continued to be high
27
What happens to the hourly wage for workers?
Declines significantly
28
What was unemployment at the beginning of Reagan's administration?
7.5%
29
What programmes were cut?
Medicare and Medicaid, AFDC and food stamps
30
How many families received help under AFDC before Regan?
3.7 million
31
How many families received food stamps?
20 million
32
How many Medicaid recipients were there?
21.6 million
33
What did the Omnibus Reconciliation cut food stamps and AFDC by between 1982 and 1985?
13%
34
How much were child nutrition programmes cut by?
28%
35
What % of the population were considered poor by 82?
15% - up from 11.7%
36
How much was the HUD budget cut by?
57% between 81-87
37
How much did social spending fall?
Average fall rate of 1.5% annually
38
What was AFDC dependent on?
Community service - 42 out of 50 states followed the lead - welfare had to be worked for
39
What ensured this approach was permanent?
1988 Family Support Act
40
How was the federal budget financed?
Borrowed money
41
What became stagnated?
Middle class
42
What caused the federal budget to increase?
Greater army spending
43
What was the federal debt in 1980?
$914 billion
44
What was the federal debt by 1989?
$2.7 trillion
45
How much did Defence spending rise by?
From $171 billion to $242 billion
46
How much of GDP was defence spending?
23.5%
47
What tried to reduce the debt?
1991 Gramm-Rudman Act - only scratched the surface
48
What did Bush promise?
No new taxes
49
How much was income tax raised?
28% to 31%
50
How many new jobs did Reagan create?
20 million
51
What was inflation in 1984?
4%
52
What did Cocaine usage drop to by 1987?
4.3% - from 6.2% in 1987 - drop of a third
53
What programme did Nancy create?
Just Say No Campaign in 1982 - major social issues in the USA
54
How many cities and states did Nancy visit?
33 states and 65 cities - over 250,000 miles travelled
55
What % of high school leavers said they used marijuana daily in 1978 and 1987?
1978: 10%
1987: 3%
56
What did Reagan address the National Legislative Session of the PTA in 1982 on?
Drug Abuse - National Conference for Drug Free Youth
57
Who did Nancy address in 1988?
UNGA on the issue of drug abuse
58
How many Just Say No clubs had been formed by 1988?
12,000
59
What did Reagan pass in 1986?
National Crusade for a Drug Free America bill
60
What happened in April 1985?
Nancy invited wives of world leaders to attend the First Ladies Conference on Drug Abuse
61
Who supported Reagan in 1980?
Traditional Values Coalition and Umbrella Voice
62
What was upheld in 1986?
Georgian law that criminalised sodomy - 24 other states had laws against "deviant sexual intercourse"
63
What did Pat Robertson set up in 1966?
700 Club - promoted traditional values
64
What was set up in 1989?
Christian Coalition - lobbied against gay rights and abortion
65
What did Pat Robertson do?
Pray for a hurricane to be diverted from Virginia to New York
66
What did Pat Buchanan say in 1992?
Bill Clinton and Al Gore constituted the most pro-gay and pro-lesbian ticket in history
67
What did Jim Bakker form?
The PTL Club
68
What was Bakker convicted of in 1988?
Large scale fraud and conspiracy
69
What sowed more seeds of fear for LGBTQ+ people than the Religious Right?
AIDs
70
Who led the campaign against Roe v Wade?
Schlafly
71
What was created?
National Right to Life Committee - 11 million supporters by 1980
72
When did the ERA gain support in both houses?
1972
73
Who was a protestant in opposition to abortion?
Beverly La Haye - Concerned Women for America - opposed no fault divorce as well
74
What happened mid 1980s?
CWA had 500,000 members and was bigger than NOW
75
What did Reagan persuade Congress to fund?
Chastity clinics
76
What was Reagan's view on abortion?
Anti-abortion
77
What % of evangelicals were registered to vote?
55% - national average was 72%
78
What did Reagan do?
Reaganised 3/4 of the federal judiciary
79
How many conservative SCOTUS appointments did Reagan make?
4 - Sandra Day O'Connor
William Rehnquist
Antonin Scalia
Anthony Kennedy
80
Why was Reagan disappointed with SCOTUS?
School Prayer and Roe v Wade
81
Why did vote for voluntary school prayer defeated?
Didn't receive the 2/3 vote
82
What was the issue with Sandra Day O'Connor for the conservatives?
Pro-abortion
83
Who was rejected by the Senate?
Bork
84
How many liberal senators were unelected after Reagan?
12
85
What Amendment was promised by Reagan?
Human Life Amendment
86
How many evangelicals were registered in 5 years?
8.5 million
87
What caused the expansion of channels?
Reagan Deregulation - increased personal choice
88
How many homes had cable in 1990?
90%
89
What did TV contribute to?
The fragmentation of US
90
What did TV viewing figures rise to and from?
9% to 26%
91
How much money was spent on laying cables between 1984 and 1992?
$15 billion
92
How many viewers did MTV have in 1982?
23 million
93
What was significant about Thriller?
First to have a movie feel
94
What were the drawbacks of TV
Black artists were rarely shown and women were objectified in videos
95
Example of an objectifying video?
Hot for Teacher Van Halen
96
What music was popular with young white men?
Heavy Metal
97
Who dominated youth culture in the 1980s?
Van Halen and Dokken
98
What were dominant themes in music?
Men being victimised by femme fetales
99
What happened in 1985?
PMRC pressured MTC to cease its promotion of metal
100
How many of the bestsellers were metal?
11/50
101
What was controversial about Madonna?
Three main controversies:
Sexual, use of religious images and issues of female empowerment
102
What became the first music video to be banned?
Justify My Love in 1990 - became the highest selling video of all time
103
When did Rap emerge?
1979
104
Who was rap popular with?
Poor black males - revealed a generational and class divide.
105
What did Madonna use?
Controversy to get sales - had all her albums go platinum
106
Who was rap unpopular with?
Buppies
107
What happened in 1988?
Music industries accepted a voluntary rating system - several highly publicised suicides.
108
What was Black Metal seen as?
Satanic and promoted ritual abuse
109
What was released in 1981?
IBM releases the IBM 5150 personal computer - used for ordinary people
110
How much did the IBM 5150 originally cost?
$1600
111
What did the updated model cost?
$4000
112
What did the iBM 5150 allow?
Connection to family television
113
When did Apple enter the PC game?
1992
114
What supplemented floppy disks?
Hard drives - increased computer memory
115
What were PCs used for?
Write and store data and play games
116
Example of an early game?
Ship of Doom
117
What was released in 1977?
Atari 2600
118
What was the breakthrough game?
Space Invaders in 1980
119
What came after Space Invaders?
Pac-Man
120
Who dominated games consoles?
Atari and Mattel
121
When did Nintendo become a major player?
1985
122
When was the SNES released?
1990 - originally cost $199
123
What did the remote allow?
Channel Surfing
124
When was Apple's first ad?
1984
125
What did VCRs allow?
vVewers to rent feature films from video stores and to play games
126
When were VCRs invented?
1960
127
When did VCRs become popular?
1980s
128
What made VCRs cheap?
Mass Production
129
What did the SCOTUS rule?
Recording shows for home use was not a violation of copyright law
130
How many households owned a VCR in 1990?
3/4
131
What was the first CD?
Phillips CD100 - 1982
132
How much did the CD initially cost?
$1000 - market dominated by cassettes
133
What was the benefit of CDs?
Better sound quality
134
How many CD sales in 1984?
$103.4 million
135
What was the first CD to sell one million copies?
Brothers in Arms by Dire Straits in 1985
136
What revolutionised where and when people could listen to music?
Walkman
137
How many Walkmans had been sold by 1989?
50 million
138
When was AIDS first identified?
1981
139
When did intervention for AIDS start?
1985
140
How many deaths in 1985?
5,600 - including Rock Hudson
141
Why did people start to care about AIDS after Rock Hudson?
He wasn't known to be anything but straight
142
What did Reagan say in 1987?
AIDS was public enemy number one
143
What was the response to his response?
500,000 people protesting in NYC
144
How many deaths in 1989?
46,344 - 82,764 cases
145
What was the drug?
AZT
146
How much was a years supply of AZT?
$10,000
147
What did some victims turn to?
Illegal drugs
148
What was there towards victims?
Victim blaming - "gay men shouldn’t be having sex", "drug addicts did it to themselves"
149
What happened to Ryan White?
Got AIDS from a blood transfusion - banned from school - attacked by the religious right
150
What does Liz Taylor do?
Get treatments and get acknowledgement of AIDS and remove the stigma
151
What does the Surgeon General do?
Rebels against the government and distributes a pamphlet on how to have safe sex.
152
What did Reagan preach about?
Abstinence
153
Who did Liz partner with?
Dr Mathilde Krim - created AMFAR to stop AIDS from going back in the closet
154
What did Reagan want?
Routine testing - wanted to make it one of the diseases that would prevent people from immigrating into the US
155
What did some patients start doing?
Treating themselves - Gorilla clinics
156
What was a success?
Food and Drug Agency to relax the drug testing.
157
What was the Ryan White Bill in 1990?
$4 billion over the course of 5 years for AIDS research - essential answer to dealing with the disease.
158
How many friends did people lose in 18 months?
20
159
What was the peak in homosexuals?
40 thousand in 1992
160
What was AIDS called?
The Gay Plague
161
What was ACT UP?
Lead by Larry Kramer - radical protests - big event in Washington
162
What does ACT UP try to do?
Storm National institute of Health- want to be experts on AIDS and spread awareness - able to move to Dr Fauci and he saw that they were right
163
When was CNN set up?
1980 by Ted Turner
164
Who was appointed as Head of the Federal Communications Commission?
Mark Fowler
165
What act was passed in 1984?
The Cable Communications Policy Act
166
What did the Cable Communications Policy Act do?
Favourable regulatory framework for expansion
167
How many channels in 1980?
28
168
How many channels in 1989?
79
169
What was the first music video shown?
Video Killed the Radio Star
170
When were the MTV Video Awards launched?
1984
171
When were the MTV Movie Awards launched?
1992
172
What was launched in 1992?
The Real World
173
How much were the rights to Thriller sold for?
$200,000
174
What were the most popular TV Shows?
Dynasty and Dallas
175
What dealt with the topic of nuclear holocaust?
The Day After by Edward Meyer - 1983
176
What did The Day After do?
Encoruaged Reagan to support the Strategic Defence initiative
177
What was significant about the Cosby Show?
Middle class life of a Black American doctor and his family - mirrored the family shows of the 1950s
178
What attracted political criticism?
Murphy Brown - single mother - undermined family values and given that single motherhood was acceptable
179
What dilm was Meryl Streep in?
Silkwood - about a worker in a nuclear plant who gets radiation poisoning
180
What film was Cruise in?
Rain Man - dealing with autism
181
What fil covered apartheid?
Cry Freedom
182
What did Mississippi Burning cover?
Murder of white and black activists during Freedom Summer
183
What did Boyz in the Hood cover?
Race riots
184
What did New Jack City cover?
Drug taking and drug gangs in NYC
185
What film was significant in 1992?
Malcolm X - black director - Spike Lee
186
What film focussed on disability in 1989?
My Left Foot - true story of Christy Brown
187
What was Kiss of the Spider Woman about?
Gay man incarcerated in Latin-American jail
188
When was the first woman appointed to the SCOTUS?
1981 - Sandra Day O'Connor
189
Who is the first woman in space in 1983?
Sally Ride
190
When was the Challenger Explosion?
1986
191
Who was a VP candidate in 1984?
Geraldine Ferraro
192
What happened to female share in professional jobs?
Increased from 44% in 1972 to 49% in 1985
193
How many graduates were women?
50%
194
What was the year of the woman?
1992 - EMILY's list
195
How many births took place outside of marriage?
27%
196
How many marriages ended in divorce?
40%
197
What proportion of the workplace were women by 1990?
50% - rise from 38% in 1970
198
How many lawyers were women?
40% - 8% in 1970
199
How much were women earning?
77% of male wages even by 2002
200
What % of black Americans were middle class by 1980?
33%
201
What % of those receiving Aid to Families were black?
43%
202
What % of people receiving food stamps were black?
35.1%
203
What did Reagan do in 1983?
Designated the third monday of Jan to MLK
204
What was the black caucus?
Group of black congressmen - 20-25 members
205
Who was elected mayor in 1981 for Atlanta?
Andrew Young
206
Who was Harold Washington?
Mayor of Chicago in 1983
207
What % of the Chicago electors were black?
40%
208
How did Washington win?
Moderate policies that crossed the racial divide
209
How many voters did the NAACP, National Urban League and PUSH register?
100,000
210
What was the turnout of inner city black americans?
80%
211
What also helped Washington win?
The split of the white vote between the incumbent and Daley's son
212
Who was Jesse Jackson?
Ran for the 1984 and 1988 Democratic nomination
213
What organisation did Jackson form?
Rainbow Coalition
214
Why was Jackson unsuccessful in 1984?
Failed to get the support of some prominent black leaders like Andrew Young
215
What % of the vote did Jackson receive?
21%
216
Who is Clarence Thomas?
SCOTUS Judge - controversial - against affirmative action
217
How many black owned businesses were there in 1992?
621,000
218
Who became popular in 1986?
Oprah - show shown in 140 countries
219
When did Oprah feature on the cover of Time?
1988
220
Who was the quarterback of the Eagles?
Randell Cunningham
221
Who played for the Lakers?
Magic Johnson
222
What % of the players in the NFL were black?
80% by 1998
223
What % of the players in the NBA were black?
60%
224
What % of the players in the MLB were black?
25%
225
Who won 4 gold medals in 1984 in the olympics?
Carl Lewis
226
How many medals did black track and field athletes win in 1984?
40/49
227
What did Denzel Washington win an Oscar for?
Glory - first black regiment in the US Civil War
228
Who was very popular?
Michael Jackson
229
How many grammy awards did Thriller win?
12
230
What happened in 1982?
Vincent Chin was clubbed to death by two white car workers in Detroit - they thought he was Japanese
231
What happened in 1984?
Bernard Goetz shoots four black teenagers who were threatening - trial in 1987 - 90% of whites supported the verdict of him only getting eight months
232
What was the Rodney King case in 1991?
King was stopped by white police and was brutally neaten - police were acquitted
233
What was the aftermath of the acquittal?
Riots - 54 killed, 2,400 injured, 17,000 arrested. 10,000 business destroyed - Korean Americans
