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Edexcel History: USA - Conformity and Challenge > Republican Dominance and Its Opposition > Flashcards

Republican Dominance and Its Opposition Flashcards

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1
Q

What was unemployment?

A

8 million

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2
Q

How much did unemployment jump in April 1980?

A

Almost a full percentage - 825,000 workers in the streets

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3
Q

What was inflation in 1979?

A

13%

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4
Q

What was inflation in 1980?

A

12%

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5
Q

What did people have to do to maintain their living standards?

A

Work harder and harder

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6
Q

What did cost of borrowing money increase to?

A

20%

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7
Q

What did spiralling interest do?

A

Hurt everyone - house mortgages etc.

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8
Q

What was the state of wages?

A

Hourly compensation for American workers at its lowest in almost two decades

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9
Q

What was the federal budget deficit at in 1980?

A

$80 million

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10
Q

What was the national debt?

A

$1 trillion

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11
Q

What did Reagan cut?

A

Welfare spending - arbiter of small government

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12
Q

Why was small government popular?

A

Watergate scandal hangover - no trust in big government

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13
Q

What economic theories did Reagan use?

A

Supply-side economics and trick down economics

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14
Q

What did Reagan believe?

A

The USA was not productive due to high levels of tax - so taxes were cut and productivity increased.

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15
Q

Where were the cuts?

A

Government spending, income and capital gains taxes, business regulations and expansion of money supply

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16
Q

Who led the Programme for Economic Growth?

A

David Stockman

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17
Q

What did investments lead to?

A

New factories and products and therefore more workers

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18
Q

What created a demand for goods?

A

Workers having more personal income

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19
Q

How much was public spending cut by?

A

$35 billion

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20
Q

What declined?

A

The misery index

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21
Q

What happened to GDP?

A

Increased to the second best in recent history

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22
Q

What did Reagan lower?

A

Interest rates - wall street boom with investments

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23
Q

What % of its workforce did the Office Surface Mining lose between 1981 and 1982?

A

40%

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24
Q

What was the growth in real GNP?

A

11%

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25
Q

What happened to the deficit?

A

Highest deficit - which continued into Bush who continued Reaganomics

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26
Q

What happened to economic divides?

A

Jump from the levels of Carter and continued to be high

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27
Q

What happens to the hourly wage for workers?

A

Declines significantly

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28
Q

What was unemployment at the beginning of Reagan’s administration?

A

7.5%

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29
Q

What programmes were cut?

A

Medicare and Medicaid, AFDC and food stamps

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30
Q

How many families received help under AFDC before Regan?

A

3.7 million

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31
Q

How many families received food stamps?

A

20 million

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32
Q

How many Medicaid recipients were there?

A

21.6 million

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33
Q

What did the Omnibus Reconciliation cut food stamps and AFDC by between 1982 and 1985?

A

13%

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34
Q

How much were child nutrition programmes cut by?

A

28%

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35
Q

What % of the population were considered poor by 82?

A

15% - up from 11.7%

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36
Q

How much was the HUD budget cut by?

A

57% between 81-87

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37
Q

How much did social spending fall?

A

Average fall rate of 1.5% annually

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38
Q

What was AFDC dependent on?

A

Community service - 42 out of 50 states followed the lead - welfare had to be worked for

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39
Q

What ensured this approach was permanent?

A

1988 Family Support Act

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40
Q

How was the federal budget financed?

A

Borrowed money

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41
Q

What became stagnated?

A

Middle class

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42
Q

What caused the federal budget to increase?

A

Greater army spending

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43
Q

What was the federal debt in 1980?

A

$914 billion

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44
Q

What was the federal debt by 1989?

A

$2.7 trillion

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45
Q

How much did Defence spending rise by?

A

From $171 billion to $242 billion

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46
Q

How much of GDP was defence spending?

A

23.5%

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47
Q

What tried to reduce the debt?

A

1991 Gramm-Rudman Act - only scratched the surface

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48
Q

What did Bush promise?

A

No new taxes

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49
Q

How much was income tax raised?

A

28% to 31%

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50
Q

How many new jobs did Reagan create?

A

20 million

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51
Q

What was inflation in 1984?

A

4%

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52
Q

What did Cocaine usage drop to by 1987?

A

4.3% - from 6.2% in 1987 - drop of a third

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53
Q

What programme did Nancy create?

A

Just Say No Campaign in 1982 - major social issues in the USA

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54
Q

How many cities and states did Nancy visit?

A

33 states and 65 cities - over 250,000 miles travelled

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55
Q

What % of high school leavers said they used marijuana daily in 1978 and 1987?

A

1978: 10%
1987: 3%

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56
Q

What did Reagan address the National Legislative Session of the PTA in 1982 on?

A

Drug Abuse - National Conference for Drug Free Youth

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57
Q

Who did Nancy address in 1988?

A

UNGA on the issue of drug abuse

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58
Q

How many Just Say No clubs had been formed by 1988?

A

12,000

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59
Q

What did Reagan pass in 1986?

A

National Crusade for a Drug Free America bill

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60
Q

What happened in April 1985?

A

Nancy invited wives of world leaders to attend the First Ladies Conference on Drug Abuse

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61
Q

Who supported Reagan in 1980?

A

Traditional Values Coalition and Umbrella Voice

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62
Q

What was upheld in 1986?

A

Georgian law that criminalised sodomy - 24 other states had laws against “deviant sexual intercourse”

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63
Q

What did Pat Robertson set up in 1966?

A

700 Club - promoted traditional values

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64
Q

What was set up in 1989?

A

Christian Coalition - lobbied against gay rights and abortion

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65
Q

What did Pat Robertson do?

A

Pray for a hurricane to be diverted from Virginia to New York

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66
Q

What did Pat Buchanan say in 1992?

A

Bill Clinton and Al Gore constituted the most pro-gay and pro-lesbian ticket in history

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67
Q

What did Jim Bakker form?

A

The PTL Club

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68
Q

What was Bakker convicted of in 1988?

A

Large scale fraud and conspiracy

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69
Q

What sowed more seeds of fear for LGBTQ+ people than the Religious Right?

A

AIDs

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70
Q

Who led the campaign against Roe v Wade?

A

Schlafly

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71
Q

What was created?

A

National Right to Life Committee - 11 million supporters by 1980

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72
Q

When did the ERA gain support in both houses?

A

1972

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73
Q

Who was a protestant in opposition to abortion?

A

Beverly La Haye - Concerned Women for America - opposed no fault divorce as well

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74
Q

What happened mid 1980s?

A

CWA had 500,000 members and was bigger than NOW

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75
Q

What did Reagan persuade Congress to fund?

A

Chastity clinics

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76
Q

What was Reagan’s view on abortion?

A

Anti-abortion

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77
Q

What % of evangelicals were registered to vote?

A

55% - national average was 72%

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78
Q

What did Reagan do?

A

Reaganised 3/4 of the federal judiciary

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79
Q

How many conservative SCOTUS appointments did Reagan make?

A

4 - Sandra Day O’Connor
William Rehnquist
Antonin Scalia
Anthony Kennedy

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80
Q

Why was Reagan disappointed with SCOTUS?

A

School Prayer and Roe v Wade

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81
Q

Why did vote for voluntary school prayer defeated?

A

Didn’t receive the 2/3 vote

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82
Q

What was the issue with Sandra Day O’Connor for the conservatives?

A

Pro-abortion

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83
Q

Who was rejected by the Senate?

A

Bork

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84
Q

How many liberal senators were unelected after Reagan?

A

12

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85
Q

What Amendment was promised by Reagan?

A

Human Life Amendment

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86
Q

How many evangelicals were registered in 5 years?

A

8.5 million

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87
Q

What caused the expansion of channels?

A

Reagan Deregulation - increased personal choice

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88
Q

How many homes had cable in 1990?

A

90%

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89
Q

What did TV contribute to?

A

The fragmentation of US

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90
Q

What did TV viewing figures rise to and from?

A

9% to 26%

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91
Q

How much money was spent on laying cables between 1984 and 1992?

A

$15 billion

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92
Q

How many viewers did MTV have in 1982?

A

23 million

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93
Q

What was significant about Thriller?

A

First to have a movie feel

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94
Q

What were the drawbacks of TV

A

Black artists were rarely shown and women were objectified in videos

95
Q

Example of an objectifying video?

A

Hot for Teacher Van Halen

96
Q

What music was popular with young white men?

A

Heavy Metal

97
Q

Who dominated youth culture in the 1980s?

A

Van Halen and Dokken

98
Q

What were dominant themes in music?

A

Men being victimised by femme fetales

99
Q

What happened in 1985?

A

PMRC pressured MTC to cease its promotion of metal

100
Q

How many of the bestsellers were metal?

A

11/50

101
Q

What was controversial about Madonna?

A

Three main controversies:
Sexual, use of religious images and issues of female empowerment

102
Q

What became the first music video to be banned?

A

Justify My Love in 1990 - became the highest selling video of all time

103
Q

When did Rap emerge?

A

1979

104
Q

Who was rap popular with?

A

Poor black males - revealed a generational and class divide.

105
Q

What did Madonna use?

A

Controversy to get sales - had all her albums go platinum

106
Q

Who was rap unpopular with?

A

Buppies

107
Q

What happened in 1988?

A

Music industries accepted a voluntary rating system - several highly publicised suicides.

108
Q

What was Black Metal seen as?

A

Satanic and promoted ritual abuse

109
Q

What was released in 1981?

A

IBM releases the IBM 5150 personal computer - used for ordinary people

110
Q

How much did the IBM 5150 originally cost?

A

$1600

111
Q

What did the updated model cost?

A

$4000

112
Q

What did the iBM 5150 allow?

A

Connection to family television

113
Q

When did Apple enter the PC game?

A

1992

114
Q

What supplemented floppy disks?

A

Hard drives - increased computer memory

115
Q

What were PCs used for?

A

Write and store data and play games

116
Q

Example of an early game?

A

Ship of Doom

117
Q

What was released in 1977?

A

Atari 2600

118
Q

What was the breakthrough game?

A

Space Invaders in 1980

119
Q

What came after Space Invaders?

A

Pac-Man

120
Q

Who dominated games consoles?

A

Atari and Mattel

121
Q

When did Nintendo become a major player?

A

1985

122
Q

When was the SNES released?

A

1990 - originally cost $199

123
Q

What did the remote allow?

A

Channel Surfing

124
Q

When was Apple’s first ad?

A

1984

125
Q

What did VCRs allow?

A

vVewers to rent feature films from video stores and to play games​

126
Q

When were VCRs invented?

A

1960

127
Q

When did VCRs become popular?

A

1980s

128
Q

What made VCRs cheap?

A

Mass Production

129
Q

What did the SCOTUS rule?

A

Recording shows for home use was not a violation of copyright law

130
Q

How many households owned a VCR in 1990?

A

3/4

131
Q

What was the first CD?

A

Phillips CD100 - 1982

132
Q

How much did the CD initially cost?

A

$1000 - market dominated by cassettes

133
Q

What was the benefit of CDs?

A

Better sound quality

134
Q

How many CD sales in 1984?

A

$103.4 million

135
Q

What was the first CD to sell one million copies?

A

Brothers in Arms by Dire Straits in 1985

136
Q

What revolutionised where and when people could listen to music?

A

Walkman

137
Q

How many Walkmans had been sold by 1989?

A

50 million

138
Q

When was AIDS first identified?

A

1981

139
Q

When did intervention for AIDS start?

A

1985

140
Q

How many deaths in 1985?

A

5,600 - including Rock Hudson

141
Q

Why did people start to care about AIDS after Rock Hudson?

A

He wasn’t known to be anything but straight

142
Q

What did Reagan say in 1987?

A

AIDS was public enemy number one

143
Q

What was the response to his response?

A

500,000 people protesting in NYC

144
Q

How many deaths in 1989?

A

46,344 - 82,764 cases

145
Q

What was the drug?

A

AZT

146
Q

How much was a years supply of AZT?

A

$10,000

147
Q

What did some victims turn to?

A

Illegal drugs

148
Q

What was there towards victims?

A

Victim blaming - “gay men shouldn’t be having sex”, “drug addicts did it to themselves”

149
Q

What happened to Ryan White?

A

Got AIDS from a blood transfusion - banned from school - attacked by the religious right

150
Q

What does Liz Taylor do?

A

Get treatments and get acknowledgement of AIDS and remove the stigma

151
Q

What does the Surgeon General do?

A

Rebels against the government and distributes a pamphlet on how to have safe sex.

152
Q

What did Reagan preach about?

A

Abstinence

153
Q

Who did Liz partner with?

A

Dr Mathilde Krim - created AMFAR to stop AIDS from going back in the closet

154
Q

What did Reagan want?

A

Routine testing - wanted to make it one of the diseases that would prevent people from immigrating into the US

155
Q

What did some patients start doing?

A

Treating themselves - Gorilla clinics

156
Q

What was a success?

A

Food and Drug Agency to relax the drug testing.

157
Q

What was the Ryan White Bill in 1990?

A

$4 billion over the course of 5 years for AIDS research - essential answer to dealing with the disease.

158
Q

How many friends did people lose in 18 months?

A

20

159
Q

What was the peak in homosexuals?

A

40 thousand in 1992

160
Q

What was AIDS called?

A

The Gay Plague

161
Q

What was ACT UP?

A

Lead by Larry Kramer - radical protests - big event in Washington

162
Q

What does ACT UP try to do?

A

Storm National institute of Health- want to be experts on AIDS and spread awareness - able to move to Dr Fauci and he saw that they were right

163
Q

When was CNN set up?

A

1980 by Ted Turner

164
Q

Who was appointed as Head of the Federal Communications Commission?

A

Mark Fowler

165
Q

What act was passed in 1984?

A

The Cable Communications Policy Act

166
Q

What did the Cable Communications Policy Act do?

A

Favourable regulatory framework for expansion

167
Q

How many channels in 1980?

A

28

168
Q

How many channels in 1989?

A

79

169
Q

What was the first music video shown?

A

Video Killed the Radio Star

170
Q

When were the MTV Video Awards launched?

A

1984

171
Q

When were the MTV Movie Awards launched?

A

1992

172
Q

What was launched in 1992?

A

The Real World

173
Q

How much were the rights to Thriller sold for?

A

$200,000

174
Q

What were the most popular TV Shows?

A

Dynasty and Dallas

175
Q

What dealt with the topic of nuclear holocaust?

A

The Day After by Edward Meyer - 1983

176
Q

What did The Day After do?

A

Encoruaged Reagan to support the Strategic Defence initiative

177
Q

What was significant about the Cosby Show?

A

Middle class life of a Black American doctor and his family - mirrored the family shows of the 1950s

178
Q

What attracted political criticism?

A

Murphy Brown - single mother - undermined family values and given that single motherhood was acceptable

179
Q

What dilm was Meryl Streep in?

A

Silkwood - about a worker in a nuclear plant who gets radiation poisoning

180
Q

What film was Cruise in?

A

Rain Man - dealing with autism

181
Q

What fil covered apartheid?

A

Cry Freedom

182
Q

What did Mississippi Burning cover?

A

Murder of white and black activists during Freedom Summer

183
Q

What did Boyz in the Hood cover?

A

Race riots

184
Q

What did New Jack City cover?

A

Drug taking and drug gangs in NYC

185
Q

What film was significant in 1992?

A

Malcolm X - black director - Spike Lee

186
Q

What film focussed on disability in 1989?

A

My Left Foot - true story of Christy Brown

187
Q

What was Kiss of the Spider Woman about?

A

Gay man incarcerated in Latin-American jail

188
Q

When was the first woman appointed to the SCOTUS?

A

1981 - Sandra Day O’Connor

189
Q

Who is the first woman in space in 1983?

A

Sally Ride

190
Q

When was the Challenger Explosion?

A

1986

191
Q

Who was a VP candidate in 1984?

A

Geraldine Ferraro

192
Q

What happened to female share in professional jobs?

A

Increased from 44% in 1972 to 49% in 1985

193
Q

How many graduates were women?

A

50%

194
Q

What was the year of the woman?

A

1992 - EMILY’s list

195
Q

How many births took place outside of marriage?

A

27%

196
Q

How many marriages ended in divorce?

A

40%

197
Q

What proportion of the workplace were women by 1990?

A

50% - rise from 38% in 1970

198
Q

How many lawyers were women?

A

40% - 8% in 1970

199
Q

How much were women earning?

A

77% of male wages even by 2002

200
Q

What % of black Americans were middle class by 1980?

A

33%

201
Q

What % of those receiving Aid to Families were black?

A

43%

202
Q

What % of people receiving food stamps were black?

A

35.1%

203
Q

What did Reagan do in 1983?

A

Designated the third monday of Jan to MLK

204
Q

What was the black caucus?

A

Group of black congressmen - 20-25 members

205
Q

Who was elected mayor in 1981 for Atlanta?

A

Andrew Young

206
Q

Who was Harold Washington?

A

Mayor of Chicago in 1983

207
Q

What % of the Chicago electors were black?

A

40%

208
Q

How did Washington win?

A

Moderate policies that crossed the racial divide

209
Q

How many voters did the NAACP, National Urban League and PUSH register?

A

100,000

210
Q

What was the turnout of inner city black americans?

A

80%

211
Q

What also helped Washington win?

A

The split of the white vote between the incumbent and Daley’s son

212
Q

Who was Jesse Jackson?

A

Ran for the 1984 and 1988 Democratic nomination

213
Q

What organisation did Jackson form?

A

Rainbow Coalition

214
Q

Why was Jackson unsuccessful in 1984?

A

Failed to get the support of some prominent black leaders like Andrew Young

215
Q

What % of the vote did Jackson receive?

A

21%

216
Q

Who is Clarence Thomas?

A

SCOTUS Judge - controversial - against affirmative action

217
Q

How many black owned businesses were there in 1992?

A

621,000

218
Q

Who became popular in 1986?

A

Oprah - show shown in 140 countries

219
Q

When did Oprah feature on the cover of Time?

A

1988

220
Q

Who was the quarterback of the Eagles?

A

Randell Cunningham

221
Q

Who played for the Lakers?

A

Magic Johnson

222
Q

What % of the players in the NFL were black?

A

80% by 1998

223
Q

What % of the players in the NBA were black?

A

60%

224
Q

What % of the players in the MLB were black?

A

25%

225
Q

Who won 4 gold medals in 1984 in the olympics?

A

Carl Lewis

226
Q

How many medals did black track and field athletes win in 1984?

A

40/49

227
Q

What did Denzel Washington win an Oscar for?

A

Glory - first black regiment in the US Civil War

228
Q

Who was very popular?

A

Michael Jackson

229
Q

How many grammy awards did Thriller win?

A

12

230
Q

What happened in 1982?

A

Vincent Chin was clubbed to death by two white car workers in Detroit - they thought he was Japanese

231
Q

What happened in 1984?

A

Bernard Goetz shoots four black teenagers who were threatening - trial in 1987 - 90% of whites supported the verdict of him only getting eight months

232
Q

What was the Rodney King case in 1991?

A

King was stopped by white police and was brutally neaten - police were acquitted

233
Q

What was the aftermath of the acquittal?

A

Riots - 54 killed, 2,400 injured, 17,000 arrested. 10,000 business destroyed - Korean Americans

Edexcel History: USA - Conformity and Challenge (4 decks)

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