Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Flashcards
What is gender-role identity?
The gender-related aspects of the psychological self
Gender-role identity plays a significant role in shaping adolescents’ understanding of gender and sexuality.
How do parental attitudes influence adolescents’ ideas about gender?
They become increasingly important in shaping teens’ ideas about gender and sex roles.
What are the traditional categories of gender roles?
Masculine and feminine types.
What characterizes androgynous individuals?
They see themselves as having both masculine and feminine traits.
What is associated with higher self-esteem in adolescents?
Either an androgynous or a masculine gender-role identity.
What societal bias affects the valuation of gender qualities?
A ‘masculine bias’ in Western societies.
What is ethnic identity?
Self-identification as a member of a specific ethnic group and commitment to its values and attitudes.
What challenges do minority teenagers face regarding identity?
They must create two identities: individual identity and ethnic identity.
At what age do homosexual teenagers typically become aware of their same-sex attraction?
Around age 11 or 12.
What is a clique?
Four to six young people who appear to be strongly attached to one another.
What defines a crowd in adolescent social structures?
A combination of cliques, which includes both males and females.
How do peer groups change during late adolescence?
Social groups become mixed in gender and dating pairs become more central.
What influences adolescent self-esteem?
Themes such as self, relationships, school, lifestyle, achievements, and experiences.
What is the correlation between self-esteem and developmental outcomes?
High self-esteem is correlated with positive developmental outcomes.
What is the primary developmental task during Freud’s genital stage?
To channel the libido into a healthy sexual relationship.
What is the identity crisis according to Erikson?
A psychological state of emotional turmoil when an adolescent’s sense of self becomes ‘unglued.’
What are the two key parts of adolescent identity formation according to Marcia?
Crisis and commitment.
What is identity achievement?
The status of a person who has been through a crisis and reached a commitment to goals.
Define moratorium in Marcia’s theory.
The identity status of a person who is in a crisis but has made no commitment.
What is foreclosure in terms of identity status?
Making a commitment without having gone through a crisis.
What does identity diffusion refer to?
Not being in a crisis and making no commitment.
What is adultification?
The process by which a child or adolescent prematurely takes on adult roles and responsibilities.
How does self-concept change during adolescence?
Self-definitions become more abstract and differentiated.
What is the average time teenagers spend interacting with peers daily?
2 hours talking and texting, and 45 minutes on social media.
What characteristics become more valued in adolescent friendships?
Loyalty and faithfulness.
What is Kohlberg’s postconventional reasoning?
Judgments based on the emergence of a personal authority.
What is the focus of Stage 5 in Kohlberg’s moral reasoning?
Social contract orientation, where rules are seen as important but can be changed for the common good.
What is the significance of moral reasoning in adolescence?
It impacts explanations of adolescent antisocial behavior.
What are the three main levels of moral reasoning according to Kohlberg?
- Preconventional
- Conventional
- Postconventional
Each level has two sub-stages.
What determines the stage or level of a person’s moral judgment?
The form of reasoning used to justify that choice.
Who is the theorist that has had a significant impact on moral development theories?
Lawrence Kohlberg.
What is the relationship between moral reasoning and cognitive development?
Advancement in moral reasoning is linked to cognitive development.
What is necessary for children to develop or use conventional moral reasoning?
A firm grasp of concrete operational thinking.
What type of reasoning is Stage 3 of Kohlberg’s Conventional Reasoning?
Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity.
What is Stage 4 of Kohlberg’s Conventional Reasoning focused on?
Social system and conscience.
True or False: Kohlberg’s approach to moral reasoning is considered universal.
False.
What does Kohlberg believe is necessary for the development of moral reasoning?
Support from the social environment.
What is the term for the ability to look at a situation from another person’s perspective?
Role-taking.
What are the three multicultural identity configurations?
- Identifying with only one cultural group
- Multiple cultural identities separated into compartments
- Cohesively connecting multiple cultural identities.
How does ethnic identity change with age?
It tends to strengthen and progresses through phases.
What characterizes adolescent-onset conduct disorder?
Problems are typically milder and more transient.
What is the impact of parental monitoring on youth criminality?
It can prevent criminality even if friends engage in criminal behavior.
What emotional attachment remains strong on average in teenagers?
Attachment to their parents.
What are the criticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory regarding moral reasoning and behavior?
Theories do not predict differences between moral reasoning and moral behavior.
What is empathy defined as in the context of moral development?
The ability to identify with others’ emotions.
What is the focus of Canada’s Youth Criminal Justice Act?
Avoiding labeling youth as criminals and focusing on actions that can change.
What are the two distinct moral orientations noted by Carol Gilligan?
- Justice
- Care.
Fill in the blank: The decline of _______ matters most in moral reasoning.
egocentrism.
