Social and emotional development - the self Flashcards
why is the self important?
To help us understand our bodies
To help understand peoples self-esteem
To help manage what others think about us in different aspects.
what did piaget think about our early understanding of the self?
Stimulation of the senses allows children to come to distinguish their own bodies from the surrounding world and to (eventually) have a sense of agency.
Can foetus learn in the womb?
While in the womb, the foetus can sense the physical world around them.
what does it demonstrate when 2 month infants wiggle their foot to hit a mobile?
This is hypothesised to reflect infants’ developing understanding that their body is different from the external world. Infants start to realise that they can cause changes in the physical world by moving their bodies.
how do babies demonstrate self agency at 8 months?
repeating actions - f they do something and it has an interesting effect they will keep doing this behaviour - this could be a sense of self agency - their body is separate from the external world
how do infants demonstrate a early preference for social stimuli?
Johnson et al. (1991): Newborns prefer to track face-like stimuli than other stimuli
still face paradigm
Parents stop reacting to their children and do a still face - Infants become upset if their behaviour stops having an effect on their interaction partner
what is the rouge test?
be aware of yourself as an object that can be observed
They put a red dot on their head then get them to look into a mirror - do they know it is them in the mirror - the mark is on their head.
when do babies start to notice the red dot in the rouge test?
At about 18 months they notice the red dot and realise it is on them before that they would look behind and think there is someone behind the mirror.
BischofKohler (1991) found that only infants who pass the rouge test display what?
empathy
infants who recognised themselves in the mirror were more likely to experience what?
embarrassment. Rather than the basic emotion of fear.
when do infants start referring to the self?
At age two they will start to say that’s mine.
when adults would tell children they like broccoli - and they had options to give crackers or broccoli - at what age would they give the item they liked and what does this display?
18 months old would give the one they liked.
infants understand that other people can have desires that are different from their own
what is the categorical self?
- understanding you are from a group in society and a part of these categories
- age gender race
an example of the categorical self we acknowledge in childhood
refer to themselves as ‘boys’ or ‘girls’.
group confusion paradigm
we are more likely to confuse things from similar groups bus and tram rather than random things - strawberry and shoe
when and how do children start to see themselves as part of a group
Children were shown cards with trait adjectives on and asked to rate the extent to which the traits applied to themselves, the ingroup, and the outgroup.
Later children were asked to remember for whom each trait had been rated.
Traits rated for the self were confused with traits rated for the ingroup more than with traits rated for the outgroup. this is true for ages 5 through to ten
interdependent culturs
Interdependent cultures emphasise social connection, conformity and relations with others
independent cultures
Independent cultures emphasise autonomy, individual decision making and personal distinctiveness
how do children from interdependent cultures draw themselves
Children from interdependent cultures draw themselves small relative to other people. Children from an interdependent culture draw themselves standing closer to their peers.
what ages are good at placing faces in a puzzle?
all ages
by what age can infants start to put the pieces of the body in the puzzle?
By 27 months, children could complete the manikin puzzle but they struggled with the trunk and often got the arms and legs confused.
when do children not differentiate between face and bodies
Between the ages of 3 and 4, children go through a tadpole stage in which they do not differentiate between heads and bodies.
can children estimate their body size?
Children made more errors when trying to estimate their own body size than others.
by the age of 2 and a half they are doing so much better.
At all ages make at least one error.
at 9 years old were children feeling social pressure towards their body?
Thompson et al (1997) surveyed 9-year-old children. Almost all of the children in the interview wanted to be slimmer than they were.
what traits do chidlren associatie underweight people with?
children attribute positive attributes (friendly, sporty, tidy, honest, funny, happy, kind) more strongly to underweight individuals
what do children associate with overweight people?
Children attribute negative charactertistics (silly, mean, rude, lazy, angry) to slightly overweight individuals
There are positive correlation between children’s views of their own bodies
and parents views of their children’s bodies.
children were more likely to develop a positive evaluation of their shape and attractiveness if their parents talked about their bodies in terms of ?
physical health rather than in terms of weight control.
Children with low self-esteem tend to attribute positive and negative events to what?
positive –> external causes (test was easy)
negative –> internal (im not clever)
dweck identified what mindsets?
growth and fixed
reputation management
do children act different when they are alone compared to when the are in public
how was reputation management researched in children?
They asked 5-year-old children to play a game involving stickers. Sometimes the participant had the opportunity to help another child and sometimes the participant had the opportunity to steal from another child.
What varied between conditions was whether another child was watching them or not.
do children show reputation management?
Children were somewhat more likely to help when they were being watched.
Children were more likely to steal when they were alone.
