Social and emotional development - prosocial/antisocial behaviour Flashcards
reciprocity
If I help you, you help me
indirect reciprocity
If help you, someone else helps me
Warneken and Tomasello - Investigated whether 18 month old infants are helpful
- They presented infants with situations in which an experimenter needed help and measured how they responded.
- They gave them ten scenarios and wanted to examine their behaviour.
- e.g., will the child pick something up and give it back to the experimenter - they found that infants help in a range of situations like this
what things motivate us to be prosocial
- empathy
- sympathy
- guilt
how do infants demonstrate empathy?
Simner - found that infants cry when they hear another infant crying, more likely to cry if they hear a recording of someone crying than if they a hear a recording of themselves crying.
how does comforting others change over age?
Prosocial responding increased over the second year of life and became more diverse with age.
how do one year olds comfort others
more physical like hugging
on year and a half comforting
one and a half became more prosocial.
18-month infants were more likely to help researcher find their balloon if…
if they had previously observed someone be mean to her
in balloon study children were more likely to help when
More likely to help the person get their balloon who has previously had a bad day rather than not had a bad day.
when does guilt develop
around age three
when there’s a toy tower and the child breaks it who is mostly likely to help?
if the child breaks it at age two they are no more or less likely to help fix it since they do not feel guilt but at three they are more likely to help since they did break it and do feel guilt
when children are more prone to guilt in 5th year what traits do they show?
less likely to be arrested, convicted, and incarcerated in adolescence. They were more likely to practice safe sex, and they were less likely to abuse drugs. More likely to engage in prosocial behaviours.
scaffolding in development
a teaching technique that helps children learn new skills and concepts by providing support at the right time.
how might parents influence their children’s prosocial behaviour?
modeling of empathic and responsive behavior and through direct instruction or scaffolding, warm and sensitive responding to a childs needs
what language influences childrens prosocial behaviour
Parents use a variety of mental state terms about emotion or beliefs and desires. Parents vary in how much they use this language.
What does the use of emotional language predict in children?
helps children with mental helping tasks like bringing someone a toy if they are sad but not with goal directed tasks like holding the door for someone
Relational aggression
Behaviour that intentionally upsets another person. Criticising, ridiculing, telling tales, social excluding or calling names.
Children high in overt and relational aggression were low in what
prosocial behaviour.
children high in depression were more likely to be
high in aggression
Does aggression continue into later life
Aggression shows greater continuity over childhood and adolescence than any other facet of social development.
children who couldn’t regulate their emotions at age three
were more likely to be antisocial at age twelve and following these people further they struggled in adulthood, they also experienced negative reactions such as stress and anger more often
hostile attribution bias
children expect other people to be hostile and this primes them to act aggressively
what causes a child to have hostile attribution bias
occurs when children have bad experiences they then interpret experiences to be negative and this leads to increases in aggression.
The medias role in anti-social behaviour
66% of childrens TV in the us contain violence. Children who spend more time watching this = more prone to aggression.
anti social study in boys from Dunedin who were consistently antisocial in adolescence found that these boys ..
were also shown to have temprements at age 3 they were irritable and also had impairments in verbal functioning and mental flexibility
what childhood disorder is antisocial behaviour associated with?
ADHD
what are callous and unemotional traits?
unemotional traits, limited empathy and lack of guilt. These traits are a part of people who are at risk of violent behaviour in adulthood.
what did the twin study on callous and unemotional traits show?
strongly heritable –> Antisocial behaviour with lower levels of callous-unemotional traits was (for the most part) explained by environmental factors
callous and unemotional traits could be a risk factor for what?
psychopathy
what would children with high levels of callous and unemotional traits benefit from and can their behaviour be changed?
benefit from training in emotional literacy and emotional recognition.
Moral emotions
The tendency to feel pride in virtuous conduct and guilt or shame over conduct that violates one’s own moral principles
Piagets moral dillema
He gave them story A ( boys breaks cups on accident) & B ( boy breaks cups with some fault) and asked them which one they thought was in the wrong
piagets moral dilemma finding
Younger children tend to judge the negative outcome more harshly (breaking more cups) older children tend to judge the negative intention more harshly.
according to Piaget how do children develop morals
Piaget argued that younger children’s morality was governed by respect for adults’ rules. Through interacting with people and age children develop the ability to understand intention and reason with situations at the age of ten.
kohlbergs stages
punishment orientation
instrumental orientation (personal gain)
good boy or girl orientation (approval)
maintenance of social order
morality of contract and inivdiual rights
morality of conscience (establishing his or her own rules)
stages of morality
preconventional
conventional
postconventional
evidence for Kohlbergs stages
✅ Longitudinal studies provide support that children’s morality becomes more abstract and advanced as it develops.
✅Walker (1989)
–Studied participants from 1 year old into adulthood
–Found that that the percentage of participants using lower level reasoning decreased with age while use of higher level reasoning increased with age.
limitations of Kohlbergs stages
❌Higher levels of cognitive development tend to be associated with higher levels of moral reasoning, but higher levels of cognitive development do not automatically lead to more moral actions (Blasi, 1983, Walker & Henning, 1997).
❌Non-representative studies consisting of males and western populations
❌Stage 6 was rarely found
❌The tasks focus on verbally demanding legalistic dilemmas. As a result, they may underestimate the abilities of young children.
❌Damon (1977) tasks reasoning about simple situations in familiar contexts eg sharing with friends may be easier for children.
hamlins study of moral judgement - procedure
investigated whether much younger children show signs of moral evaluation. Hamlin et al. removed verbal demands to create scenarios even infants could understand. Children are given a choice between red square and blue triangle - do they touch kind or mean one first.
hamlin conclusions
Children have an innate moral core that allows to judge them as right or wrong.
Critique of Hamlin
hamlin criticisms
- Hamlin et al. offer evidence that the origins of social judgment appear very early in development.
- It hasn’t been replicable
- This is broadly compatible with evidence that toddlers and preschool children engage in moral action.
- Does the dependent variable really represent moral judgment?
he quality of peer interactions at age 9
predicted moral judgment 4 years later.
children tend to have children who regulate emotions effectively, sympathise with others and show sophisticated moral judgment when their parents …
parents who are warm, sympathetic and supportive of their children
