Social and emotional development - prejudice and discrimination Flashcards
the sex and gender distinction
biological, genes, hormones vs gender ( a construct)
when can children point to an imagine of their biological sex
age two suggesting they are aware of the gender category
gender continuity
An aspect of gender is that it remains constant throughout life.
when do children develop concepts of gender continuity?
Slaby and Frey (1975) showed that children developed gender constancy by the age of 3 or 4. This is the believe that gender does not change over time.
how do fathers respond to children when they are conforming to roles?
Fathers responded more positively to their children when they played with gender stereotypical toys.
how do fathers respond to children when they do not conform to roles?
hey also found that boys were punished more harshly than girls for gender counter-stereotypical behaviour.
hamilton analysed 200 kids books and found that ..
Girls —> nurturing roles, pictured inside the home more than outside the home, occupations were also stereotyped, women not having a job outside the home.
was there a difference in books between 2006 and the 90s
They compared this to the 90s and found no reduction in the stereotypes.
zucker - predjudice to trans children in psychology
gave people Slaby and Freys gender constancy interview and concluded these children were developmentally delayed. Suggesting children may be confused or pretending.
what was Oslons study into transgender children?
- got students to complete tests or explicit and implicit gender identity
Would Ps be confused, pretending their identitiy, pattern showed same cisgender people
oslons findings
On both measures transgender children thought of themselves as their expressed gender —> they are not confused showing typical behaviour for their expressed gender.
When interviewing trans people and 23/317 had retransitioned what id they find?
no Ps expressed regret, transition was usually due to learning about more gender identities.
gender-nonconforming children who havenot socially transitioned show
increased rates of anxiety and depression. More than 50% of older children fall in the clinical range of internalizing symptoms.
Trans youth project
9-14 year old children and their parents completed measures of depression and anxiety. Mental health and self worth were compared to non trans children. Trans children reported depression and self-worth did not differ from match-control or sibling. Marginally higher anxiety. Parents reported equivalent levels of depression.
issues with trans youth study
- Will most likely include the most supportive parents
- what about when they get older?
on average how much do women compared to men?
70%
evidence of sexism at uni
Females are less likely to be chosen for university positions even when their CVs are equivalent.
When students think an instructor is female, they rate the instructor as a poorer teacher
when do gender stereotypes emerge?
Asked 4-, 5- and 7-year-old children whether different objects were ‘mostly for boys’ or ‘mostly for girls’.
Children were aware of gender stereotypes – allocating stereotypically male toys to males and female toys to females.
stereotyping increases..
with age
How do studies influences memory?
- asked primary school children to recall gender-relevant pictures. some showed stereotypes, some showed counter stereotypes.
-Highly stereotyped children recalled more stereotypical than counter-stereotypical pictures.
at what age do children express preference for their own gender?
2
By adulthood both men and women tend to report more positive attitudes towards - what gender
women
Ambivalent sexism
Generally positive evaluations or stereotypes of women (e.g. warm, nurturing) coexist alongside more negative appraisals in particular contexts such as the workplace.
how do sterotypes interact with thoughts about your ability
When children identify with groups that are marginalised and disadvantaged in society it may effect what they think of their own potential.
do gender stereotypes influence childrens thoughts about their career?
- Children rated the stereotypically female jobs as lower status than stereotypically male jobs.
- Girls said that they would prefer to do professions stereotypically associated with females.
xenophobia
hate to people coming from another country
is racism prevelant in 10 month old children?
study no - white babys offered toy by white woman and a black woman and they wre equally likely to take the toy
is race learned at age 3
no - When presented with two peoples photos who differed only in race, the same participants were equally likely to befriend and learn from each person. but they were more likely to befriend the same gender.
age 6 and race classification
6 year olds were more likely to have a prefernce for white people than 10 year olds and adults
why were 6 year olds were more likely to have a preference for white people than 10 year olds and adults
It’s not that adults are less racist - their racial bias becomes more hidden since they have learned its socially inacceptable.
in an implicit association task testing racial bias what did Ps have to do
The setup involves two critical blocks:
White-good pairing: Participants are asked to press the same key for White faces and positive words, while Black faces and negative words are paired with another key.
White-bad pairing: Participants now press the same key for White faces and negative words, while Black faces and positive words are paired together.
what were the findings for IAT on racial bias (generally)
participants respond faster when White faces are paired with positive words (and Black faces with negative words), this suggests an implicit bias favoring White people.
what were the findings for IAT on racial bias - age
all ages (6, 10 including adults) showed an implicit bias
when 5- and 6-year-old children with images of faces that were morphed to be ambiguous and asked them how human they perceived the faces to be. what did they find?
- Six-year-old children perceived children from far away to be less human.
- Children at both ages preferred people from York to people from the country far away.
how can we reduced intergroup bias
Contact and extended/vicarious contact —> bringing groups together and working towards a goal. Films, books etc
Behaviour training
paluk methods - intervention for stereotype change
Paluck worked with 10 schools, 5 of which were allocated to the intervention condition and 5 of which served as a waiting list control.
Selected children were trained to understand the effects of prejudices like racial, gender, religious, and ethnic prejudice, and in particular the relatively common prejudices expressed by adolescents such as weight and sexuality.
The other primary goal of the intervention was to train children to acquire skills to intervene when classmates express some form of prejudice.
Compared the effectiveness after 5 months
findings of intervention
Peer Trainers in treatment schools were more likely than Peer Trainers in waiting list schools to be nominated by close friends and more distant peers as people likely to confront prejudice in their school.
Treatment Peer Trainers’ anti- prejudice behavior spread to these Friends and Peers, in the form of publically standing up against prejudice on a gay rights Internet petition.
Awareness of and attitudes toward prejudice and harassment, which shifted among treatment Peer Trainers, generally did not spread to Friends or Peers.
is it easier to change norms or attitudes
easier to change social norms than attitudes. awareness of attitudes towards prejudice did not spread as much.
