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National Counselor Exam > Social and Cultural Foundations > Flashcards

Social and Cultural Foundations Flashcards

1
Q

What are words use to describe counseling of clients from other cultural backgrounds?

A

multicultural, cross-cultural, intercultural

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2
Q

Why is it important to be multiculturally competent?

A

Clients from minority populations have been misdiagnosed, misunderstood, and find counseling less helpful.

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3
Q

What does the term multicultural imply?

A

A celebration of diversity

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4
Q

What is important to know about how minority clients seek treatment?

A

Minority clients seek counseling less frequently and drop out sooner.

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5
Q

What is cultural pluralism?

A

A certain group has special needs. Example, women, disabled people, senior citizens. (This term can also be used in an identical manner to multiculturalism though)

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6
Q

What is culture?

A

The customs, values, attitudes, beliefs, art, and language which characterize members of a group.

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7
Q

What is macroculture?

A

The dominant culture or the culture of the majority

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8
Q

What is cultural relativism?

A

A behavior cannot be assessed as good or bad except in the context of the given culture. (Example, teen pregnancy is bad in the US, but normal in other areas of the world.)

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9
Q

Each socioeconomic class is represented by their own what?

A

Culture

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10
Q

What is the basis of race?

A

Race is based on genetic origin

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11
Q

What is national culture?

A

The cultural patterns common to a given country

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12
Q

What is counterculture?

A

When a group of individuals vehemently oppose the values of the culture

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13
Q

What is Hormic Psychology?

A

A Darwinian viewpoint that individuals in or out of groups are driven by innate, inherited tendencies

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14
Q

Why is McDougall’s work associated with scientific racism?

A

His belief in eugenics suggested that selective breeding would improve the gene pool

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15
Q

What three theorists would argue that people have a propensity to fight no matter what their culture?

A

Freud, McDougall, and Lorenz

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16
Q

What did Albert Bandura observe about aggression?

A

Children who observed aggression imitated the aggression (Social learning/observational learning)

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17
Q

What Act banned discrimination for gender, race, religion, and national origin?

A

The civil Rights Act of 1964

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18
Q

What did Daniel Levinson’s theory say about middle aged individuals?

A

Men experience mid life crisis between age 40 and 45; women age 35-40

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19
Q

How many transitions are in Daniel Levinson’s theory of life transitions?

A

Theee

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20
Q

What is the first of Daniel Levinson’s life transitions?

A

“Leaving the family” age 17 to 22 when venturing out to make your own life

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21
Q

What is Daniel Levinson’s second life transition?

A

The settling down transition

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22
Q

What is the third of Daniel Levinson’s life transitions?

A

Making peace with the world

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23
Q

What three factors enhance interpersonal attractiveness?

A

Close proximity, physical attraction, and similar beliefs

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24
Q

What is proxemics?

A

The study of proximity. (Personal space, territory, and personal distance)

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25
Q

What does contextualism imply about counseling?

A

Behavior must be evaluated in the context of the individuals own culture

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26
Q

Why was Carol Gilligan critical of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

A

She felt it applied more to males than females

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27
Q

What helped to abet the multicultural counseling movement?

A

The civil rights act.

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28
Q

What were Arthur Jensen’s views on IQ testing? (Jensenism)

A

Blacks had lower IQs because of genetic factors

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29
Q

The probable outcome in a case is…?

A

The prognosis.

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30
Q

Research suggests very poor economic conditions correlates very highly with what?

A

Aggression

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31
Q

What does research suggest in regards to client preference about race and culture?

A

Clients prefer counselors of the same race and culture.

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32
Q

Who is the frustration-aggression theory associated with?

A

John Dollard and Neal Miller

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33
Q

What is the Dollard/Miller hypothesis?

A

Frustration leads to aggression

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34
Q

What does Ellis believe about aggression and frustration?

A

Aggression occurs because of a client’s irrational thought process that when they are frustrated they should get aggressive rather than an actual automatic response

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35
Q

What is deindividuation?

A

This occurs when a client loses their individual identity.

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36
Q

What does deindividuation lead to according to some social psychologists?

A

Violence and aggression

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37
Q

What is the number one method of suicide in the US?

A

Firearm

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38
Q

What raises the probability that violence will occur?

A

The presence of weapons

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39
Q

Who is responsible for the cognitive dissonance theory?

A

Leon Festinger

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40
Q

What is Cognitive dissonance?

A

A state of incompatibility within a person’s thoughts

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41
Q

The statement that culture is normative implies that…?

A

Culture provides individuals with standards of conduct.

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42
Q

What is a statistical norm?

A

A measurement of actual conduct.

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43
Q

What is a cultural norm?

A

A description of how people are supposed to act.

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44
Q

What are mores?

A

Beliefs about whether behavior is right or wrong.

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45
Q

What usually happens when people violate mores?

A

They get punished.

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46
Q

What are folkways?

A

Correct, normal, or habitual behavior.

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47
Q

How are folkways different from mores?

A

Breaking folkways results in embarrassment while breaking mores results in harm to others or threatens the existence of the group

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48
Q

Who was the first pioneer to focus on sociocultural issues?

A

Frank Parsons

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49
Q

What did Clemmont Vontress suggest about culture?

A

There is a universal culture in that humans all have universal needs for food, water, air, and sleep

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50
Q

What is ecological culture?

A

Culture relating to the culture and climate.

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51
Q

Biological similarities and sameness are indicated by what kind of culture?

A

Universal Culture

52
Q

What is notable about the early vocalizations of infants?

A

They are nearly identical regardless of the culture.

53
Q

What are holophrases?

A

One or two word phrases usually used by young children initially.

54
Q

How does language in children from middle class homes compare to lower class homes?

A

The language patterns are usually richer.

55
Q

How does the environment affect language?

A

Environmental stimulation (or rather, lack therof) hinders vocabulary development.

56
Q

What did Emory Bogardus’s social distance scale evaluate?

A

How an individual felt about other ethnic groups

57
Q

What is the foot in the door technique?

A

Asking a person to agree to a less repugnant request will open the door for them to complying with more distasteful requests.

58
Q

Who completed studies using the foot in the door technique?

A

Freedman and Fraser (1966)

59
Q

What is a society?

A

A self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a distinctive territory

60
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

Using one’s own culture as a means to judge other cultures.

61
Q

What does ethnocentrism imply?

A

Superiority

62
Q

What is a modal personality?

A

The personality which is typical of the group in question.

63
Q

What does social exchange theory postulate?

A

A relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs.

64
Q

What does balance theory postulate?

A

A tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state by going from inconsistency to consistency.

65
Q

Most people believe the people the view as attractive also have what?

A

Other positive traits.

66
Q

What are the best predictors of retirement adjustment?

A

Financial security and Health

67
Q

Approximately what percentage of older Americans are below the poverty level?

A

9.8

68
Q

What percentage of older Americans are truly senile?

A

8%

69
Q

What are two major myths about older adults as it pertains to counseling?

A

1) Intelligence declines in Old age

2) Older people are incapable of having sex.

70
Q

What is the theory of terminal drop or terminal decline?

A

The postulation that there is a dramatic decrease in intellectual functioning in the final five years of life.

71
Q

At what age do people generally start experiencing longer periods of unemployment?

A

Age 40

72
Q

How does the number of bystanders relate to altruism?

A

As the number of bystanders increases, people are less likely to intervene when someone is in trouble.

73
Q

What are Americans from the middle and upper class looking for?

A

Someone who helps them work out their problems on their own.

74
Q

What does cognitive dissonance research investigate mostly?

A

Cognition and attitude formation

75
Q

How does using or tolerating aggression affect children?

A

Children are less aggressive when parents do not tolerate or use aggression.

76
Q

What model of counseling has been used most for promoting understanding between cultures and races?

A

Person Centered counseling.

77
Q

What do lower class individuals expect from the counselor?

A

Advice

78
Q

What percentage of minority clients quit after the first session?

A

50%

79
Q

What is therapeutic surrender?

A

Therapeutic surrender occurs when the client is able to trust the counselor and self-disclose.

80
Q

What is helpful in promoting therapeutic surrender?

A

Rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and self disclosure

81
Q

What does flight-to-health mean?

A

The client has improved too quickly without addressing the real problems.

82
Q

What factors impact therapeutic surrender?

A

Culture; SES; language barriers

83
Q

How does SES affect therapeutic surrender?

A

Clients from a low SES may not trust others from a higher SES; lower SES clients may feel they will end up as losers when dealing with a higher social class counselor

84
Q

What is an assimilation error?

A

A client perceiving a counselors statement which is similar to their belief as more similar to their beliefs.

85
Q

What is a contrast error?

A

A client perceiving a counselors statement which is different from their belief as more dissimilar from their beliefs.

86
Q

What is a common error when counseling a client from a different culture?

A

Interpreting negative transference as therapeutic resistance.

87
Q

What is white privilege?

A

The special advantages, privileges, and opportunities non whites do not have.

88
Q

What is a monolithic perspective?

A

A perspective which puts all groups of people as being the same.

89
Q

With what clients is it easiest to empathize?

A

Clients who we are similar to.

90
Q

How can a counselor use structure in multicultural counseling?

A

describe the nature and structure of counseling during the initial session so the client is prepared and knows what to expect.

91
Q

What does structure mean in terms of multicultural counseling?

A

Defining the roles of the counselor and client.

92
Q

What is a connotative error?

A

An error in which the counselor misses the connotation implied in the word. Example, clients says something is “bad” but the literal meaning is something is good.

93
Q

What does multicultural counseling promote?

A

Eclecticism.

94
Q

What does Emic mean?

A

An insiders perspective of the culture; each client has individual differences.

95
Q

How does the emic viewpoint affect multicultural counseling?

A

Counselors using the emic viewpoint try to help clients by understanding the client’s specific culture.

96
Q

How does a counselor using an etic viewpoint use work?

A

They treat everyone the same no matter what their culture.

97
Q

From what term is the word etic derived?

A

Phonetic. (Certain sounds remain the same in any language)

98
Q

What is an alloplastic viewpoint?

A

The client can cope best by changing altering external factors in the environment.

99
Q

What is the autoplastic viewpoint?

A

The client copes best by changing from within.

100
Q

What is ambivalent transference?

A

The client rapidly changes his emotional attitude towards the counselor based on learned experiences towards authority figures from the past.

101
Q

What is personalism in the context of multicultural counseling?

A

Personalism implies that the counselor will make best progress if she sees the client as a person who has learned a set of survival skills rather than a diseased person; all people must adapt to environmental and geological demands.

102
Q

Good multicultural counselors are what?

A

Flexible

103
Q

What is the theory of social facilitation?

A

An individual who is given a task will perform better when in a group, even when there is no verbal interaction.

104
Q

What is the sleeper effect in social psychology?

A

The messenger may be forgotten over time, but the message is remembered; change may not occur immediately

105
Q

Who wrote books in 1908 to introduce social psychology in America?

A

William McDougal and Edward Alsworth Ross

106
Q

What is hormic psychology?

A

Individual as well as group behavior is the result of inherited tendencies to seek goals.

107
Q

Who is most associated with obedience and authority?

A

Stanley Milgram

108
Q

How did Stanley Milgram study obedience and authority?

A

Subjects were instructed to punish a learner strapped in an electric chair for every incorrect answer; the subject was instructed to increase the intensity of the shock to see if the individual would follow directions. Subjects could hear the individual screaming.

109
Q

Which birth order child has the highest need to affiliate with others?

A

The first born or only children

110
Q

What is an approach-approach conflict?

A

Two equally attractive options; Easiest of the basic categories of conflict to cope with.

111
Q

What is an avoidance-avoidance conflict?

A

Two equally negative alternatives;

112
Q

What is an approach-avoidance conflict?

A

A positive factor presented with a negative factor at the same time

113
Q

What is the most difficult of the basic categories of conflict to cope with?

A

Approach-avoidance

114
Q

What is the easiest of the basic categories of conflict to cope with?

A

Approach-approach

115
Q

Who developed the idea of the basic categories of conflict leading to frustration?

A

Kurt Lewin.

116
Q

Who is responsible for the congruity theory?

A

Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum

117
Q

What is the Osgood and Tannenbaum congruity theory?

A

If you like your counselor, your tendency to accept a suggestion would be balanced; if you did not like the counselor, accepting his suggestions would create an imbalance

118
Q

Is the melting pot view of society accurate?

A

No; it’s more of a salad bowl

119
Q

What is the “Robbers’ Cave Experiment”?

A

Two groups of 11 year olds who were hostile towards each other were sent to summer camp

120
Q

What did the “Robbers’ Cave Experiment” find?

A

A cooperative goal can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and embracing cooperation

121
Q

What does sex role stereotyping imply about emotions?

A

Women are more emotional

122
Q

What did Stanley Schachter’s research on affiliation show?

A

More individuals expecting a large shock wished to wait with others in a similar situation than individuals expecting a small shock.

123
Q

Why are psychosocial experiments criticized?

A

They lack external validity and are artificial

124
Q

How does introspection relate to social class?

A

Those in higher social classes are better able to engage in introspection because they do not have to focus on external survival needs.

125
Q

Why would an asian client avoid eye contact?

A

It is a sign of respect towards an authority figure

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