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National Counselor Exam > Lifestyle and Career Development > Flashcards

Lifestyle and Career Development Flashcards

1
Q

When did lifestyle and career counseling become popular?

A

With the beginning of the counseling and guidance movement (around 1908)

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2
Q

Who is associated with the birth of the guidance movement and when?

A

Frank Parsons (1908)

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3
Q

How did Frank Parsons impact career counseling?

A

Started the Boston Vocation Bureau and wrote Choosing a Vocation which was published posthumously

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4
Q

What does John O. Crites say about the need for career counseling?

A

There is greater need for career counseling than there is for therapy.

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5
Q

How can career counseling be therapeutic?

A

Personal adjustments need to be made.

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6
Q

What is the glass ceiling phenomenon?

A

Suggests women are limited in terms of how far they can advance in the world of work.

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7
Q

What is the lavender ceiling phenomenon?

A

Suggests LGBT individuals are limited in terms of how far they can advance in the world of work.

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8
Q

What is a reentry woman?

A

A woman who has had to re-enter the workforce after being a homemaker.

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9
Q

What percentage of divorces occur in families with children?

A

75%

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10
Q

How do high school and junior high students feel about guidance in planning a career?

A

3/4 of 11th grade students wanted career guidance and nearly the same amount of 8th grade students wanted it.

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11
Q

When are a students career interests more stable?

A

After college

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12
Q

What percentage of college students have career difficulties?

A

50%

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13
Q

What minority group can especially benefit from career counseling in school and why?

A

African Americans because they have fewer positive work role models.

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14
Q

What percentage of individuals gets a job based on chance?

A

1 in 5

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15
Q

What percentage of workers would like more information on the world of work if they could do it over again?

A

60%

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16
Q

What does Victor Vroom’s expectency theory of motivation suggest?

A

An employee’s work performance is influenced by valence (will the work provide rewards?), expectancy ( What does the person feel he is capable of doing?), and instrumentality (will the manager actually give the employee the promised reward?)

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17
Q

How do dual-career families compare to single career families in income generally?

A

Generally the dual-career families have higher income.

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18
Q

What percentage of families are dual earners?

A

54% (compared to 20% in the 1950s)

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19
Q

How does a dual-career family affect when a woman has children?

A

Typically, the woman is secure in her career before having children.

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20
Q

How do vocational guidance and career counseling differ?

A

Vocational guidance is developmental and educational often inside a school setting while career counseling is a therapeutic service usually outside a school setting. (Not all tests will differentiate the two)

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21
Q

How does having a bachelors degree affect income in most cases?

A

Earn at least $10,000 a year more than someone with a high school diploma

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22
Q

What does the phrase “changing view of work” refer to?

A

In the past work was seen as drudgery, and now it is a way to express identity, status, and self-esteem.

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23
Q

What does the term leisure refer to?

A

The time the client has away from work not being used for obligations.

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24
Q

How does the amount of leisure time in single career families compare to the amount of leisure time in dual career families?

A

Single career families have more leisure time.

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25
Q

What law required equal pay and equal work opportunities for women and minorities?

A

Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights act

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26
Q

What is the “80% Four-fifths rule”?

A

It is a hiring rate for hiring minorities. If the rate is less than 80%, an adverse impact is evident. (Example: 60 employees are Black, 80 are white…. 60/80=75%… adverse impact is evident)

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27
Q

What is the Trait-and-Factor theory?

A

psychological testing one’s personality could be matched to an occupation which stressed those particular personality traits (aka profile matching)

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28
Q

What is the first major and most durable theory of career choice?

A

Trait and factor theory

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29
Q

What is the Minnesota Viewpoint?

A

A theory of counseling which transcended vocational issues.

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30
Q

On what population are most career theories based?

A

Middle or Upper class white males who are heterosexual and not disabled.

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31
Q

Who is associated with trait and factor career counseling?

A

E.G. Williamson, C.F. Patterson, and Frank Parsons

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32
Q

What is differential psychology?

A

The study of individual differences?

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33
Q

Is the trait and factor model grounded in differential psychology?

A

Yes

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34
Q

What is the biggest criticism of the trait and factor model?

A

It is over simplistic and assumes there is a single job for the client’s entire life.

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35
Q

What does the phrase “fourth force in counseling” refer to?

A

Multiculturalism

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36
Q

What is third force psychology?

A

Humanistic approaches

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37
Q

What tests does the Minnesota Viewpoint use to get its data?

A

Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales

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38
Q

What tests would be favored by counselors who prefer a personality theory of career choice?

A

Meyers Brings Type Indicator (MBTI), Guilford-Zimmerman Temperment Survey (GZTS), the Adjective Checklist, BDI, and MMPI-2

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39
Q

Why is the personality theory of career choice not currently popular?

A

It is a “test-and-tell” paradigm.

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40
Q

What does the trait-and-factor approach not account for?

A

Individual changes throughout the life span.

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41
Q

What is Anne Roe’s personality approach to career choice based on?

A

The belief that a job satisfies unconscious needs

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42
Q

How is Anne Roe’s career choice theory organized?

A

Two-dimensional system of fields and levels

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43
Q

What are the eight fields in Anne Roe’s career choice theory?

A

Service, business contact, organizations, technology, outdoor, science, general culture, and arts/entertainment

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44
Q

What are the six levels of occupational skill in Anne Roe’s career choice theory?

A

Professional and managerial 1, Professional and managerial 2, semiprofessional/small business, skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled

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45
Q

What are the three basic parenting styles Anne Roe spoke of?

A

Overprotective, avoidant, and acceptant

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46
Q

How does the type of parenting style affect how the child relates with people?

A

The child will either gravitate towards or away from people depending on the parenting style.

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47
Q

How does Roe’s theory of career choice rely on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

Lower order needs (such as safety) take precedence over higher order needs

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48
Q

What tests support Roe’s theory of career choice?

A

The Rorschach and the TAT

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49
Q

According to Anne Roe, how do genetics affect career choice?

A

Genetics help determine intelligence and educational ability which can influence career choice

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50
Q

What does the term career mean?

A

Lifetime positions plus leisure

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51
Q

What does occupation mean?

A

A string of similar jobs

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52
Q

What does the term job refer to?

A

A specific position within an organization.

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53
Q

What did Edwin Bordin argue about career choice?

A

Career choice could be used to resolve unconscious conflicts

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54
Q

Which defense mechanism did Brill emphasize?

A

Sublimation

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55
Q

Who’s work is the most popular approach to career counseling currently?

A

John Holland

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56
Q

What is Holland’s first assumption?

A

In our culture, there are 6 basic personality types: realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional.

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57
Q

What are Holland’s 6 basic Personality types?

A

Artistic, Social, Realistic, investigative, Conventional, and enterprising. (Mneumonic AS RICE)

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58
Q

What is Holland’s second assumption?

A

Work environment’s correspond to the six personality types

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59
Q

What is Holland’s third assumption?

A

People search for an agreeable environment which lets them express their personality type

60
Q

What is Holland’s fourth assumption?

A

The individual’s behavior is determined by an interaction between personality and the environment.

61
Q

What test measures Holland’s 6 personality types?

A

Self-Directed Search

62
Q

Roe, Brill and Holland are what kind of theorists?

A

Personality or structural

63
Q

What did Holland believe about an individuals behavioral style (modal orientation)?

A

It doesn’t usually fit firmly into one personality type and instead can best be described by a distribution (like RSI… realistic, social, and investigative)

64
Q

What did Holland believe about jobs and personalities?

A

Jobs will attract a people with similar personalities.

65
Q

Who’s work is Hoppock’s theory based on?

A

Henry Murray

66
Q

What did Henry Murray create?

A

The “needs-press” theory and the TAT.

67
Q

How do developmental career theorists view career choice?

A

As an ongoing or longitudinal process.

68
Q

Who were the first developmental career theorists?

A

Ginzberg, Ginsberg, Axelrad, and Herma.

69
Q

What does Ginzberg and his colleagues say about when career choice begins?

A

Career choices are reversible and are made throughout the client’s lifetime

70
Q

What are the three stages of development which Ginzberg initially viewed as irreversible?

A

Fantasy (birth to age 11); Tentative (ages 11 to 17); Realistic (age 17 to early 20s)

71
Q

Who is the most popular career theorist?

A

Donald Super

72
Q

What is Donald Super’s career theory based on?

A

Self-concept

73
Q

How many life stages does Donald Super’s theory emphasize?

A

Five

74
Q

What are Donald Super’s Five life stages?

A

Growth, Exploration, Establishment, Maintenance, Decline

75
Q

What ages are associated with Donald Super’s Growth Stage?

A

Birth to age 14

76
Q

What ages are associated with Donald Super’s Exploration Stage?

A

15-24

77
Q

What ages are associated with Donald Super’s Establishment Stage?

A

24-44

78
Q

What ages are associated with Donald Super’s Maintenance Stage?

A

44-64

79
Q

What ages are associated with Donald Super’s Decline Stage?

A

65+

80
Q

What Mneumonic helps remember Donald Super’s growth stages?

A

GEE MD

81
Q

What is Donald Super’s life-career rainbow?

A

The potential roles which a person can play as they advance through the 5 stages

82
Q

How might career maturity be referred to on the exam?

A

Vocational maturity

83
Q

Who’s work reflects career maturity?

A

John Crites

84
Q

What did Nancy Schlossberg suggest about adult career development?

A

1) Behavior in the adult years is primarily determined by social factors; 2) Behavior is a function of one’s life stage or one’s age at other times; 3) Sex differences are more powerful than age/stage differences; 4) Adults continually experience transitions which require adaptation and self-assessment; 5) Identity, intimacy, and generativity and recurring themes in adulthood

85
Q

Who proposed the decision-making theory which refers to periods of anticipation and implementation/adjustment?

A

David Tiedeman and Robert O’Hara

86
Q

What is the decision-making theory?

A

A two-part process including an Anticipation stage and an implementation phase

87
Q

What occurs in the anticipation stage of the decision-making theory?

A

The client imagines himself in a given career

88
Q

What occurs in the implementation (aka accommodation or induction) stage of the decision-making theory?)

A

The client engages in reality testing regarding his expectations about the occupation.

89
Q

What do all decision making theories have in common?

A

The individual has the power to choose from various career options.

90
Q

What kind of approach did John Krumboltz take to career choice?

A

Social learning

91
Q

On who’s work was John Krumboltz’s work based?

A

Albert Bandura

92
Q

What theorists were social learning theorists?

A

Anita Mitchell, G. Brian Jones, John Kromboltz, and Albert Bandura

93
Q

What did Albert Bandura’s theory argue?

A

People learn from the consequences of their own actions and by observing the consequences of others.

94
Q

What is vicarious learning?

A

Learning by watching others?

95
Q

What did Krumboltz believe about interests?

A

They are changeable and the result of learning.

96
Q

What are two popular behavioral techniques in career counseling?

A

Realistic job preview and guided imagery

97
Q

What is Realistic job preview?

A

A behavioral technique in which the client will contact someone who works in a specific job and interview that worker.

98
Q

How does guided imagery work in career counseling?

A

The counselor has the client imagine a day working in the field in the job, perhaps even receiving accolades for performance.

99
Q

What kind of model of career counseling is Krumboltz’s model?

A

A behavioristic model

100
Q

What is a human capital theory?

A

Individuals secure training and education to get the best possible income.

101
Q

What is the accident theory of career counseling?

A

Chance factors influence one’s career

102
Q

What is the status attainment theory?

A

Child will eventually attain a job commensurate with his family status.

103
Q

A site visit to a work setting would most likely be what kind of theorist’s intervention?

A

A behaviorist.

104
Q

Who developed the decision approach to career counseling?

A

Harry Gelatt

105
Q

The decision model refers to information as what?

A

The fuel of the decision.

106
Q

How does the decision model organize information?

A

Three sections: predictive, value, and decision.

107
Q

What is the predictive system concerned with in Getlatt’s decision model?

A

Probable alternatives, actions, and possibilities.

108
Q

What is the value system in the Getlatt decision model concerned with?

A

Relative preferences regarding outcomes

109
Q

What is job-netting?

A

Finding a job on the internet

110
Q

What is the OOH according to career counselors?

A

Occupational Outlook Handbook

111
Q

When was the OOH originally published?

A

1946

112
Q

How often is the OOH revised?

A

Every 2 years

113
Q

What does the OOH contain?

A

Salient details about the job including job training, and advancement opportunities

114
Q

How many jobs did DOT list at its zenith?

A

30,000 job titles

115
Q

What does O*NET stand for?

A

Occupational Information Network

116
Q

What is O*Net?

A

Electronic replacement for DOT listing job titles

117
Q

Jobs in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles have how many digits in their codes?

A

Nine

118
Q

Where would a counselor looking for information about trends in the job market look?

A

OOH

119
Q

What is underemployment?

A

Occurs when a worker is employed in a position below his skill level

120
Q

How many job descriptions are in the OOH?

A

Approximately 800

121
Q

Who’s work is the self-efficacy theory based on?

A

Albert Bandura

122
Q

What does the self-efficacy theory say about career choice?

A

One’s belief or expectation of being successful in an occupation causes the individual to gravitate toward a particular occupation.

123
Q

What is spillover in regards to an individual’s job?

A

A client enjoys what they do so much, they start to engage in similar activities during their leisure time.

124
Q

What is the compensatory effect?

A

A worker makes up for things he can’t do on the job during their leisure time.

125
Q

What is the Strong Interest Inventory based on?

A

John Holland’s theory

126
Q

What does the Strong Interest Inventory evaluate?

A

Interests, not abilities.

127
Q

What is the assumption of the Strong Interest Inventory (SCII)?

A

An individual will have satisfaction in a job with aligns with his interests.

128
Q

How many items are in the Strong Interest Inventory?

A

291

129
Q

Who administers and scores the Self-Directed Search?

A

The individual taking it

130
Q

On who’s work is the Self-directed (SDS) search based?

A

John Holland

131
Q

What does the Self-directed search yield?

A

Scores on the 6 personality types

132
Q

What is a hidden job market?

A

Most jobs are not advertised

133
Q

Who’s work is represented by a hexagon?

A

John Holland

134
Q

What is the DAT?

A

Differential Aptitude Test

135
Q

What is the DAT used for?

A

Help students decide whether to attend college and what areas they might excel most in.

136
Q

What is the GATB?

A

General Aptitude Test Battery

137
Q

What is the GATB used for?

A

Testing for government agencies

138
Q

What is the difference between an aptitude test and an achievement test?

A

An aptitude test evaluates potential; an achievement test evaluates what you’ve learned.

139
Q

What is a displaced homemaker?

A

A person who has to re-enter the workforce after their children are grown or a spouse has died or divorced.

140
Q

What does occupational sex segregation suggest?

A

Female occupations pay less and lack the status of male occupations.

141
Q

What is a dislocated worker?

A

This is the same as a displaced homemaker.

142
Q

When does mid-life career change typically take place?

A

Ages 35-45

143
Q

What is SIGI Plus?

A

System of Interactive Guidance and Information

144
Q

What is the SIGI Plus test for?

A

Gives up-to-date information on colleges and graduate schools.

145
Q

Who promoted the concept of job clubs?

A

Azrin and colleagues.

146
Q

What is the purpose of job clubs?

A

Help client’s find job leads and network

National Counselor Exam (10 decks)

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