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National Counselor Exam > Human Growth and Development > Flashcards

Human Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is a “holding environment”?

A

The ability of the client to make meaning in the face of a crisis and find new direction.

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2
Q

What is representational thought/object constancy?

A

the ability of the child to imagine an object in their mind.

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3
Q

When is the critical period for language acquisition?

A

Age 2-14

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4
Q

What is imprinting?

A

This occurs when young ones identify with a figure as their mother.

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5
Q

What does RS refer to in the counseling field?

A

Religion and Spirituality

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6
Q

In what stage does centration occur?

A

Preoperational

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7
Q

What can result from difficulties in the symbiotic relationship?

A

adult psychosis

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8
Q

What is the zone of proximal development?

A

the difference between a child’s performance without a teacher compared with capability with a teacher

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9
Q

What are Carl Jung’s Animus and Anima?

A

Male and Female archetypes for inherited unconscious factors.

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10
Q

Robert Kegan is well known in what area?

A

Adult cognitive development

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11
Q

What ages are associated with Piaget’s sensorimotor intelligence?

A

Birth to 2 years

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12
Q

What is stage 3 of Kohlberg’s levels of moral development?

A

Good boy/Good Girl Orientation (Level 2)

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13
Q

What is equilibration?

A

The balance between assimilation and accomodation

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14
Q

At what age do children develop stranger anxiety?

A

Age 8 months

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15
Q

What are critical periods in terms of development?

A

Periods of time in which certain behaviors must be learned or they will not be learned at all.

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16
Q

When did elementary school counseling and guidance services become popular?

A

The 1960s.

Secondary schools started around 1900s, but this was limited.

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17
Q

The concept of dualistic thinking is attributed to whom?

A

William Perry

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18
Q

Exposure to early violence, including TV violence, results in what?

A

Increased aggression

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19
Q

In what order do children master elements of conservation?

A

Mass –> Weight –> Volume

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20
Q

According to Freud, during what stage does attachment need to take place?

A

the oral stage

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21
Q

What does heritability mean?

A

The portion of a trait which can be attributed to genes.

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22
Q

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, how many stages of moral development are there?

A

Three: Preconventional, Conventional, and Postconventional; however each is broken down into 2 more stages

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23
Q

Jean Piaget is well-known in what area?

A

Childhood cognitive development

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24
Q

What happens when development halts?

A

The client becomes fixated

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25
Q

Who was responsible for the work on imprinting?

A

Konrad Lorenz

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26
Q

What is a maturationist?

A

behavior is guided by hereditary factors but won’t manifest until prompted by stimuli in the environment

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27
Q

What is dualistic thinking?

A

The belief that things are either good or bad, right or wrong; black and white thinking.

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28
Q

Who is associated with learned helplessness?

A

Martin Seligman

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29
Q

Ego identity is what?

A

A term associated with Erikson’s 5th stage in which the person needs to integrade all of their previous roles to create their identity.

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30
Q

What did David Levinson’s research say about midlife crisis?

A

80% of men experience moderate to sever mid-life crisis and “age 30 crisis” occurs in men when they feel it will be too late to make later changes.

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31
Q

During Piaget’s formal operation stage, children are able to do what?

A

Think abstractly and use deductive reasoning

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32
Q

What is senile psychosis?

A

hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorders brought on by old age.

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33
Q

According to Piaget, what is conservation?

A

Conservation is the idea that a substance’s weight, mass, and volume remain the same even when it changes shape.

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34
Q

What are fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli?

A

Ritualistic behaviors common to all members of a species.

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35
Q

What does the term epigenetic refer to?

A

This is a term borrowed from embryology and refers to each stage developing out of the previous stage.

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36
Q

What do stage theorists believe?

A

Qualitative changes occur between different life stages

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37
Q

What is sex role socialization?

A

Sex role socialization teaches children the traditional things which define differences in the sex roles

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38
Q

How does culture affect Piaget’s stages of development?

A

Culture may change the ages at which the child experiences the stages, but the stages occur in the same order.

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39
Q

What condition is learned helplessness associated with?

A

Depression

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40
Q

Do stage theorists believe each stage needs to be resolved before moving onto the next?

A

Each stage needs to be resolved in order for healthy development to occur.

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41
Q

When does marriage satisfaction decrease?

A

With parenthood

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42
Q

What drives the second level of Kohlberg’s morality: the conventional level?

A

Meet the standards of family, society, and nation.

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43
Q

What is stage 2 of Kohlberg’s moral development?

A

Native Hedonism (Level 1)

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44
Q

What is the visual cliff?

A

A measure of depth perception in children.

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45
Q

Why was Jean Piaget criticized about the development of his theory?

A

Piaget used his children as his subjects.

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46
Q

According to Mahler, what is symbiosis?

A

the child’s absolute dependence on the female caretaker

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47
Q

If the bond with an adult is severed at an early age, what is this called?

A

object loss

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48
Q

What age group most commonly shows dualistic thinking?

A

Teens

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49
Q

During what stage do children aquire the ability of symbolic schema?

A

Preoperational

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50
Q

In what stage does abstract reasoning take place?

A

formal operational stage

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51
Q

According to Erikson, when is the fear of death greatest?

A

Middle age

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52
Q

According to Bowlby, what age do children need to develop a bond with an adult by?

A

Age 3

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53
Q

What does Piaget think about lectures in schools?

A

They aren’t helpful; students learn by experience

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54
Q

Who is responsible for Object Loss?

A

Bowlby

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55
Q

How do organismic psychologists view development?

A

A series of qualitative strides

56
Q

What is practical inteligence?

A

It is a term that sums up piaget’s sensorimotor stage.

57
Q

What is Freud’s wish fulfillment?

A

Dreams and slips of the tongue are actually wish fulfillments.

58
Q

During what stage do children master the concept of conservation?

A

Concrete operations (age 7 to 11)

59
Q

The Harlow experiments with isolated monkeys during early development showed what?

A

The monkeys developed abnormally and appeared autistic

60
Q

What ages are associated with Piaget’s formal operations stage?

A

Ages 12 and older

61
Q

What did empiricism lead to?

A

Behaviorism

62
Q

How does an organismic view development?

A

An individual’s actions are more important than the enviroment

63
Q

When did secondary school counseling become popular?

A

1960s

64
Q

Why is object loss important?

A

A child unable to form attachments by age 3 will have difficulties through adulthood (think hx of broken attachments)

65
Q

What is the order of Mazlow’s needs from low order to high?

A

Survival, security, safety, love, self-esteem, self-actualization.

66
Q

How was Jean Piaget trained before psychology?

A

He was a biologist.

67
Q

During which of Piaget’s stages do children master reversibility?

A

Concrete operations

68
Q

Object loss progresses through what stages?

A

Protest to despair to detachment.

69
Q

What kind of psychologist is Erickson?

A

An ego psychologist

70
Q

Who spoke of the holding environment in counseling?

A

Robert Kegan

71
Q

At what age to children develop object permanence?

A

8 months

72
Q

How many school counselors are there?

A

Over 100,000

73
Q

What is stage 1 of Kohlberg’s levels of moral development?

A

Punishment/Obedience Orientation (Level 1)

74
Q

Where does Freud say morality is derived from?

A

Superego

75
Q

What is equilibration?

A

a balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and what is changed (accommodation)

76
Q

A preschool child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects. What is this called?

A

Animism

77
Q

What is stage 5 of Kohlberg’s levels of moral development?

A

Democratically accepted law of “social contract”

78
Q

What did Havinghurst say about middle age adults and generativity?

A

Middle age adults should achieve civic responsibility, maintain a home, guide adolescents, develop leizure, adjust to bodily changes, and learn to relate to a spouse (This is dated advice.)

79
Q

What are “preconscious psychic processes”?

A

AKA foreconscious; this material is not known but can be recalled with psychoanalytic processes

80
Q

What are three reasons for the slow development of elementary school counseling?

A

1) People believed teachers could double as counselors;
2) Counseling was seen as focusing on vocational issues
3) Secondary schools used social workers and psychologists when emotional problems were still an issue for older children

81
Q

What does ethology refer to?

A

The study of animal behavior in their natural environment

82
Q

What are Erik Erikson’s developmental stages called?

A

Psychosocial

83
Q

What do ego psychologists believe?

A

Man has the power of reasoning to control their behavior.

84
Q

Who is the only psychoanalyst who’s theory covers the whole lifespan?

A

Erik Erikson

85
Q

What is stage 6 of Kohlberg’s levels of moral development?

A

Principles of self-conscience and universal ethics (level 3)

86
Q

What is relativistic thinking?

A

The thinking that not every thing is right or wrong, but things are actually relative to the situation.

87
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

The removal of a stimuli increases the probability that a behavior will occur.

88
Q

What is stage 4 of Kohlberg’s levels of moral development?

A

Authority, law and order (level 2)

89
Q

What is a “critical period”?

A

A period of time during development when imprinting is possible and when behavior must be learned or it won’t be learned.

90
Q

Kolberg has __ stages of moral development and __ levels.

A

6 stages and 3 levels.

91
Q

When did school counseling become mandatory?

A

1980s

92
Q

What is the risky shift phenomenon?

A

a group decision is typically more liberal than the average individual’s decision prior to joining the group. (Joining a group makes people take more of a risk collectively.)

93
Q

What are schemas?

A

The cognitive structures a child developes to deal with new information

94
Q

Who is associated with proximal development?

A

Alfred Adler

95
Q

How is anxiety different from phobia?

A

In anxiety, the client is unaware of the source of their fear.

96
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

a pattern in which people are exposed to situations in which they are powerless to change and then believe they have no control over their situations.

97
Q

What term describes fetal development?

A

Cephalocaudal

98
Q

What drives the third level of Kohlberg’s morality: the postconventional level?

A

universal, ethical prinicials of justice, dignity, and human rights.

99
Q

What is positive psychology?

A

The study of human strengths such as joy, wisdom, altruism, happiness, wisdom, and the ability to love.

100
Q

Animism is most related to what stage?

A

Piaget’s preoperational stage

101
Q

What is comparative psychology?

A

Research which studies animals but generalizes the results to humans.

102
Q

What do behavioristic empiricists value?

A

statistical studies and the emphasis on the role of the environment

103
Q

Who were Jean Piaget’s subjects?

A

His children: Lucienne, Laurent, and Jaqueline.

104
Q

When is marriage satisfaction lowest?

A

immediately prior to a child leaving home

105
Q

What does the abbreviation FAP mean?

A

Fixed action pattern

106
Q

What does the concept of reversibility refer to as it relates to Piaget’s stages?

A

Reversibility refers to the ability to undo an action so an object can return to its original state. This is developed during the concrete operations stage.

107
Q

Which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation?

A

Harry Harlow

108
Q

What is hysteria?

A

The presence of an organic symptom (like blindness, deafness, or paralysis) in the absense of physiological causes

109
Q

What is the result of “the primal scene”?

A

Neuroses in adulthood

110
Q

What is anaclitic depression associated with?

A

difficulty developing close relationships

111
Q

In what of Piaget’s stages is egocentrism common?

A

Preoperational stage

112
Q

During what stage does a child develop object permanence and constancy of objects?

A

Sensorimotor

113
Q

What is object permanence?

A

The ability of an infant to know that hidden objects still exist.

114
Q

How did Seligman experiment with learned helplessness?

A

Dogs in electrified harnessess.

115
Q

What does symbolic schema help with?

A

Language and symbolic play

116
Q

Who believed humans were naturally aggressive?

A

Konrad Lorenz

117
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

the addition of a stimulus increases or stregthens a behavior.

118
Q

What drives the first level of Kohlberg’s morality: the preconventional/premoral level?

A

Reward and punishment.

119
Q

At what age does Freud’s theory of development end?

A

Age 12 at the genital stage.

120
Q

Who was responsible for the notion of schemas?

A

Piaget

121
Q

According to empiricism, how is knowledge gained?

A

Experience

122
Q

How do empiricists view development?

A

Merely quantitative changes.

123
Q

What ages are typically assoiated with the concrete operations stage?

A

Ages 7 to 11

124
Q

What ages are associated with Piaget’s preoperations stage?

A

Ages 2 to 7

125
Q

What is “the primal scene” according to psychoanalytic theory?

A

A young child witnessing his parents having sex or being seduced by a parent. This may be real or imagined.

126
Q

What is centration?

A

Centration occurs when the child focuses on one key aspect of an object instead of the whole thing.

127
Q

When do children develop depth perception?

A

This is an inherent trait (they are born with it).

128
Q

What is nosology?

A

A branch of medicine which deals in clasifying diseases.

129
Q

What does Maslow’s heirarchy of needs postulate?

A

Certain needs such as safety and physiological needs are lower order (higher priority) and things like self-actualization are high order (lower priority)

130
Q

What is BASIC-ID?

A

Its an acronym from Arnold Lazarus for multimodal counseling: Behavior, Affective responses, Sensations, Imagery, Cognitions, Interpersonal relationships, & Drugs

131
Q

What is another word for Maslow’s higher-order needs?

A

metaneeds

132
Q

What is the order of Jean Piaget’s stages?

A

Sensorimotor, preoporations, concrete operations, and formal operations.

133
Q

In which of Piaget’s stages do children develop the ability for abstract thought?

A

Formal operations

134
Q

What are Freud’s stages of development called?

A

Psychosexual

135
Q

What is anaclitic depression?

A

children raised in institutions (especially between 6-8 months old) cry more, have more difficulty sleeping, and have more health problems.

136
Q

How do maturationist counselors practice?

A

By allowing the client to work through earlier conflicts; think of a growing plant.

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