Social and cultural factors - post-1850 industrial Britain

Question 1

Social class

Answer 1

• the upper and lower classes were now accompanied by a middle class
• the middle class included professionals, factory owners and managers who did not own big estates
• many of the middle class members went to public schools, which influenced the development of rugby and football

Question 2

Amateurism and professionalism

Answer 2

• amateurs were not paid, this status suited the upper and middle classes
• cricket = amateurs and professionals played in the same team by social distinction was preserved through different changing rooms + lower class professionals bowled and cleaned the kit
• soccer and rugby = lower class were paid in order to miss a days work to play. These payments were against the amateur principles of the upper class + lead to the spitting of rugby into two codes, league and union (1895)

Golf = before 1861 there were separate comps for amateurs and professionals

Question 3

Gender and the changing status of women

Answer 3

• in the early 19th century women were expected to marry, have children and be financially dependent on their husbands. Many people regarded education for women as pointless
• schooling for girls was initially limited compared to boys
• during the late 19th century the status of women began to change. A shortage in men due to high mortality rates and a large number serving in the armed forces suppressed the assumption that women had to marry
• limitations on schooling for women were identified by the Taunton Royal Commission Report in 1868
• this has an encouraging effect on women to be more involved in sport and physical education in schools

Question 4

Law and order

Answer 4

• the development of laws affected the types of activities undertaken
• laws lead to a decline in blood sports eg animal beating and fox hunting
• upper class held onto their sports such as fox hunting
• law makers were from the upper and middle classes

Question 5

Education and literacy

Answer 5

• the majority of working classes had little interest in education (little relevance)
• child labour was still a common practice
• the employment of children continued to increase even after 1850
• 1870 Foster Act = modernised education in England. Elementary education become free, education become more accessible to the working class

Question 6

Availability of time and money

Answer 6

• an increase in leisure time after the mid 19th century allowed sport to develop quickly
• working class still found participation difficult due to the lack of disposable income
• the growth of factories meant that for many, working hours were very long and had poor pay
• 72 hour working week was common
• intro of sat half day lead to increased time for sport
• by 1965 the working week was 40-45 hours reducing by the end of the 20th century to 37-40 hours
• laws today states workers must have 4 weeks of holiday per year

Question 7

Types and availability of transport

Answer 7

• the railways were important in the development of seaside resorts and in sport allowed fixtures to be played at venues around the county
• cars were mass produced in the 20th century

Question 8

Influence of public schools

Answer 8

• public schools influenced the development of sport
• beginning of the 19th century sport was unorganised + headmasters were not in favour
• in the mid 19th century sport became an important element of education (upper + lower classes)

Question 9

Thomas Arnold

Answer 9

• headmaster or Rugby school
• wanted pupils to grow up as Christian gentlemen
• revised the fagging system = younger boys were required to act as personal servants to older boys
• developed the house system, influencing the formation f competitive teams
• established prefects who organised sorts

Question 10

The cult of athleticism

Answer 10

• the idea of muscular Christianity lined sport to being a Christian gentleman
• established a connection between sport + games and a moral + ethical character
• the development of character through sport is referred to as the cult of athleticism

Question 11

Athleticism definition

Answer 11

A combination of physical endeavour (trying hard) and moral integrity (being truthful and showing good sportsmanship)

Question 12

The spread and export of games and the games ethic

Answer 12

• by 1845 pupils at Rugby wrote down the rules of football at their own school to ensure fair play
• pupils took the games with them to uni but played many versions
• in 1863 a common set of rules was decided for football
• at the end of 1863 players from around the county came together to form the Football Association (FA)