Social Flashcards
Social Perception
Schemata
Impression Formation
cognitive structures that organize past information and experience and provide a framework for processing and understanding new information and experiences.
Social Perception
central traits
Impression Formation
warmth and competence are central traits to descriptions of people that change the perception of the rest of the traits mentioned
Asch
Social Perception
social context
Impression Formation
Rosenhan’s pseudopatient study demonstrated the effects of the social context on impression formation.
Once admitted to a mental hospital, the pseudopatients were viewed, especially by hospital staff, as being schizophrenic even though they did not exhibit any abnormal behaviors.
Social Perception
fundamental attribution bias
Attributional Biases
the tendency for an observer to overestimate dispositional causes and underestimate situational causes when making attributions about an actor’s behavior.
Social Perception
actor-observer effect
Attributional Biases
In causal attribution, the tendency for an observer to overestimate the effects of dispositional factors when making attributions about an actor’s behavior but to overestimate the effects of situational factors when making self-attributions.
Social Perception
self-serving bias
Attributional Biases
refers to the tendency to attribute our own successes to dispositional (internal) factors and failures to situational (external) factors.
Social Perception
Representativeness
Heuristics
basing your judgment of something on how representative/similar it is to the the category (while ignoring base rate data)
Social Perception
Availability
Heuristics
predicting an event is more likely to occur if you’re able to recall many examples of its occurence
Social Perception
Simulation
Heuristics
predicting something is more likely based on mental simulations/imaginations that it could happen
Social Perception
Anchoring and Adjustment
Heuristics
initial value (anchor) and then adjusting it up or down from the starting value
Social Perception
Base Rate Fallacy
Cognitive Errors
The base rate fallacy is the tendency to underutilize or ignore relevant statistical (base rate) data and to rely, instead, on irrelevant information when making probabilistic judgments about an event or characteristic.
Social Perception
Confirmation Bias
Cognitive Errors
The confirmation bias is the tendency to seek or pay attention to information that confirms one’s hypothesis or current beliefs and to ignore disconfirming information.
Social Perception
Illusory Correlation
Cognitive Errors
false belief that two characteristics or events are related when they are actually not
Social Perception
False Consensus
Cognitive Errors
overestimate similarity of beliefs of others to our own beliefs
Social Perception
Gambler’s Fallacy
Cognitive Errors
predicting the likelihood of a particular chance event based on occurence of previous events
Social: Interpersonal Relationships
Misery Loves Miserable Company
Affiliation and Attraction
Schachter concluded that people like to affiliate most with others who are in similar circumstances (e.g., anxious people prefer to affiliate with other anxious people).
Social: Interpersonal Relationships
Gender Differences
Affiliation and Attraction
The research has shown that women generally spend more time than men engaged in conversation, are more likely to talk to people of the same gender, and may affiliate more than men do in public places.
Social: Interpersonal Relationships
Law of Attraction
Affiliation and Attraction
According to Byrne’s (1971) law of attraction, we are attracted to others who have similar attitudes because interacting with those individuals is more rewarding than interacting with people who have dissimilar attitudes and is, therefore, more likely to generate positive affect.
Byrne
Social: Interpersonal Relationships
Gain-Loss Effect
Affiliation and Attraction
The gain-loss effect predicts that people tend to be most attracted to individuals who show increasing liking for them and to be least attracted to individuals who show decreasing liking for them.
Social: Interpersonal Relationships
Attraction in Romantic Relationships/Sexual Jealousy
Close Relationships
primary goal for men is to pass on genes, primary goal for women is to secure resources for offspring
Evolutionary Theory
Social: Interpersonal Relationships
Emotion-In-Relationships Model
Close Relationships
This model of emotion provides an explanation for the experience of strong emotions in close relationships and proposes that there is an innate mechanism that generates emotion in response to unexpected events that disrupt ongoing sequences of behaviors.
Social: Interpersonal Relationships
Social Exchange
Maintenance and Dissolution of Friendships
Social exchange theory predicts that a person’s decision to leave a relationship depends on the relationship’s costs and rewards - i.e., a person is likely to stay in a relationship when rewards exceed costs but leave when costs are greater than rewards.
Social: Self in Social Context
Self-Schemas/Barnum Effect
Self-Concept
The Barnum effect is the tendency to accept vague, general descriptions of oneself (e.g., a horoscope) as accurate.
Social: Self in Social Context
Self-Perception Theory
Self-Concept
The epinephrine studies supported the predictions of self-perception theory by confirming that, when internal cues are insufficient or difficult to interpret, people acquire information about themselves by observing their external behaviors and/or the context in which those behaviors occur.
Social: Self in Social Context
Social Comparison
Self-Concept
Social comparison theory predicts that people use other (usually similar) people as sources of comparison to evaluate their own attitudes and behaviors.
Social: Self in Social Context
Self-verification theory
Self-Concept
predicts that people prefer to receive feedback from others that is consistent with their own self-evaluations.
Social: Self in Social Context
Self-monitoring
Self-Presentation
need and ability to manage impressions that other people form of them
high in self-monitoring concerned with public self
low in self-monitoring concerned with private self
Social: Self in Social Context
Self-handicapping
Self-Presentation
engaging in behaviors that will providing an excuse for anticipated failure
Social: Self in Social Context
Self-efficacy
Perceived Self-Control
sense of competence and effectiveness
Social: Self in Social Context
Hardiness
Perceived Self-Control
the personality trait of hardiness acts as a protective factor against stress and has three primary characteristics:
- commitment (a sense of purpose and involvement in one’s relationships and life events);
- challenge (an openness to new experiences and change); and
- control (the belief that one has the ability to influence or manage life events).
Kobasa et al. (1982)
Social: Social Influence
Autokinetic Effect
Types of Social Influence
stationary point of light appears to move in a darkened room- convergence effect based on the votes of the confederates
Sherif
informational social influence vs normative social influence
Social: Social Influence
Compliance with Requests
Types of Social Influence
foot-in-the-door
vs.
door-in-the-face
Social: Social Influence
Obedience to Authority
Types of Social Influence
Milgram’s famous and controversial studies evaluated participants’ willingness to obey the direct order or command of a high-status individual (authority) even when doing so seemed to harm another person.
Milgram
Social: Social Influence
minority influence
Responses to Social Influence
The research shows that a minority can influence the majority by maintaining a consistent (but not dogmatic) position.
