Lifespan Flashcards

Question

# Lifespan: Early Influences chromosomes/autosomes

Answer 1

* first 22 pairs are called autosomes, 23rd pair called sex chromosomes * diseases based on the first 22 are called autosomal disorders, 23rd are called "sex linked"

Answer 2

based on a single dominant gene

Answer 3

based on a pair of recessive genes

Answer 4

extra chromosome 21

Answer 5

* when part of a chromosome is missing * Prader Willi syndrome

Answer 6

transfer of a chromosome segment to another chromosome (some cases of down syndrome)

Answer 7

breaks in two places and the segment formed the breaks inverts and reattaches | no affect on phenotype

Answer 8

encompasses a range of conditions that involve largely **irreversible** physical, behavioral, and/or cognitive abnormalities.

Answer 9

most severe form of FASD and is characterized by facial anomalies retarded physical growth heart, kidney, and liver defects vision and hearing impairments cognitive deficits behavioral problems.

Answer 10

is characterized by cognitive deficits and behavioral problems without prominent facial anomalies, retarded physical growth, or physical defects,

Answer 11

involves physical defects without other prominent symptoms.

Answer 12

* high risk for SIDS, tremors, exaggerated startle, small head, high pitched cry

Answer 13

* fetal death and stillbirth * low birthweight, SIDS, and respiratory diseases * emotional and social disturbances and cognitive deficits

Answer 14

* low birthweight * intellectual disability

Answer 15

heart defects, blindness, deafness, intellectual disability

Answer 16

* 20-30% die perinatally * low birth weight, intellectual disability, visual impairments

Answer 17

* 20-30% likelihood of transferring the virus * 50% of infants survive the first year * slowed growth and development, increased susceptibility to bacterial infections

Answer 18

* suprresion of immune system, intellectual disability * **especially bad** in the third trimester, reduced number of neurons, problems with myelination | spina bifida from lack of folic acid

Answer 19

low birthweight, hyperactive and irritable

Answer 20

small for gestational age, below the 10th percentile for gestational age

Answer 21

* anoxia- prolonged oxygen shortage * herpes simplex 2- can lead to death, brain damage, blindness- C-sections used

Answer 22

toes fan out when soles are tickled

Answer 23

startle reflex- flings arms and legs outward

Answer 24

rooting- turning head in direction of touch

Answer 25

infants response to a stimulus decreases when a stimulus is repeatedly presented

Answer 26

infant's responsivity increases following a change in stimulus

Answer 27

1. kinetic 2. binocular 3. pictorial

Answer 28

evident shortly after birth, disappears for 2-4mo, comes back

Answer 29

- higher if full term infants undergo painful medical procedures - lower if pre-term infants undergo medical procedures

Answer 30

* raise chin from ground * can play with hands and fingers, bring fingers to mouth

Answer 31

* rolls from abdomen to back * sit on lap * first teeth appear

Answer 32

* better coordination * crawling * pull to standing

Answer 33

* stands alone and walks with help * first steps at 12 mo

Answer 34

* runs clumsily * can use spoon * turn book pages * 50% use toilet during day

Answer 35

* jumps with both feet * good hand-finger coordination * self-dressing * handedness by 48mo

Answer 36

* girls are more agile, flexible, and balanced * boys are better in strength and gross-motor movements

Answer 37

both pros and cons for boys, only cons for girls

Answer 38

After age 65, most individuals experience visual changes that interfere with reading, driving, and other aspects of daily life. In addition to **presbyopia** (loss of near vision), common changes include loss of visual acuity, reduced perception of depth and color, increased light sensitivity, and deficits in **visual search**, dynamic vision (perceiving the details of moving objects), and speed in processing what is seen.

Answer 39

* starts around age 40, significant loss after 75 * decreasing ability to perceive high-frequency sounds * earlier onset in men

Answer 40

* reaction time incrases, * slowing of motor and mental abilities

Answer 41

* best mental health prognosis in cases of low illness severity * children need developmentally appopriate information about their illness

Answer 42

1. alcohol 2. illicit drugs (marijuana highest) 3. tobacco

Answer 43

* inactivity due to physical health problems * satisfaction high, men most satisfied

Answer 44

adaptation assimilation accomodation

Answer 45

resolution of discrepancy between schema and reality, contains two processes: assimilation and adaptation

Answer 46

incorporation of new knowledge into existing schemas

Answer 47

modification of existing schemas to incorporate new knowledge

Answer 48

learns about objects and other people through the sensory information they provide and the actions that can be performed on them. | accomplishment: **object permanence**

Answer 49

According to Piaget, cognitive development involves four universal and invariant stages: * sensorimotor * preoperational * concrete * formal operational

Answer 50

A key accomplishment of the preoperational stage (ages 2 to 7) is the development of the **symbolic (semiotic) function**, which is an extension of representational thought and permits the child to learn through the use of language, mental images, and other symbols.

Answer 51

Limitations of this stage include precausal reasoning and egocentrism. | **precausal reasoning**- incomplete understanding of cause and effect ## Footnote also **magical thinking**

Answer 52

are capable of mental operations, which are logical rules for transforming and manipulating information. As a result, they are able to classify in more sophisticated ways, **seriate**, understand part-whole relationships in relational terms, and **conserve**

Answer 53

able to think abstractly and is capable of hypothetico-deductive reasoning. | adolescent egocentrism: **personal fable** and **imaginary audience**

Answer 54

focus on development within specific cognitive domains instead of identifying global principals

Answer 55

first **interpersonal** (when the child interacts with an adult or other teacher) and then **intrapersonal** (when the child internalizes what he/she has learned).

Answer 56

the discrepancy between a child's current developmental level (the level at which the child can function independently) and the level of development that is just beyond his or her current level but can be reached when an adult or more experienced peer provides appropriate **scaffolding** (instruction, assistance, and support).

Answer 57

children learning through social interaction, applied to reading instruction

Answer 58

"ability to make inferences about another's representational states and to predict behavior accordingly"

Answer 59

children become aware of other people's mental states, become aware of differences between responses

Answer 60

understand that other's thoughts may be false

Answer 61

realizing that other's actions may not be consistent with their true thoughts and feelings

Answer 62

* preschoolers use "incidental mnemonics" but are ineffective * children start to use memory strategies around age 9 or 10

Answer 63

* children unable to recall things prior to 3 or 4 * memory areas are not sufficiently developed prior to that age

Answer 64

greater recall of things that happened in the last 20 years

Answer 65

better recall of things that happened between 10-30 reasons: * many novel experiences during that time, more to be remembered * encoding most efficient during that period * personal sense of identity developed during these years

Answer 66

Several aspects of memory show age-related declines, especially **recent long-term** (secondary) memory. Deficits in secondary memory are believed to be due primarily to a **reduced spontaneous** use of effective encoding strategies. The working memory aspect of short-term memory also exhibits substantial age-related dec line.

Answer 67

stresses the role of biological mechanisms (e.g., Chomsky's language acquisition device) and universal patterns of development.

Answer 68

* expansion - when an adult adds to the child's statement but retains the word order * extension - when the adult adds information

Answer 69

semantic syntactic prosodic morphological

Answer 70

using knowledge of the meaning of a word to infer its syntactical category

Answer 71

while syntactical bootstrapping refers to using syntactical knowledge to deduce the meaning of an unfamiliar word

Answer 72

understanding the meaning of something based on its pitch, rhythm

Answer 73

using morphemes to understand the meaning | understanding something is an action verb b/c of "ing"

Answer 74

organization of words, phrases, sentences

Answer 75

underlying meaning of sentences

Answer 76

Phonemes are the smallest units of sound that are understood in a language. The English language has 45 phonemes - for example, b, p, f, v, and th.

Answer 77

Morphemes (e.g., "un" and "ing") are the smallest units of sound that convey meaning. Morphemes are made up of one or more phonemes.

Answer 78

* basic (hunger) cry * angry cry * pain cry

Answer 79

4th type, starts at 2 months of age

Answer 80

* babbling - repetition of simple consonants (4 months) * cooing - repetition of vowels when baby is happy (6-8 weeks of age)

Answer 81

imitation of adult speech without understanding meaning | followed by **expressive jargon**

Answer 82

nominals- label for objects, people, events

Answer 83

* "me go" * two or more words to make a sentence

Answer 84

Underextension occurs when a child applies a word too narrowly to objects or situations

Answer 85

overextension occurs when a child applies a word to a wider collection of objects or events than is appropriate

Answer 86

longer intervals, more likely to interrupt

Answer 87

questions, "tag questions" ("aren't you?")

Answer 88

kids taught two languages- used to be thought this led to mild cognitive deficits, has been disproven since.

Answer 89

stable, children who are inhibited at age 2 are similarly inhibited at 5 and 7 | inhibited kids have higher heart rate, blood pressure in unfamiliar

Answer 90

behavioral and adjustment outcomes are best for children when parents' caregiving behaviors match their child's temperament

Answer 91

Thomas and Chess's Temperament Models

Answer 92

Freuds stages of psychosexual development in which the libido shifts from one area of the body to another.

Answer 93

birth - 1 year

Answer 94

6-12 years

Answer 95

* infancy * results in **trust and optimism**

Answer 96

* toddlerhood * comes from positive interactions with caregivers

Answer 97

* early childhood * results in ability to set goals and execute plans without harming others

Answer 98

* school age * students must master social and academic skills

Answer 99

* adolescence * success means personal identity, direction for future

Answer 100

* young adulthood * success is intimate bonds of love and friendship, failure means self-absorption and isolation

Answer 101

* middle adulthood * commits to the well-being of future generations

Answer 102

* maturation/old age * social influence desire spreads to all of humankind, coming to terms with limitations and mortality

Answer 103

* development of **The Dream** * Age 30 transition- life in 20s was not adequate * Mid-Life- switch from "time-since-birth" to "time-left-to-live" | mid-life crisis theory not supported by follow-up studies

Answer 104

* high demandingness, low responsitivity * offspring **irritable and aggressive** * result- low responsibility and low self-esteem

Answer 105

* rational control with responsitivity * clear rules, high standards * offspring are assertive, achievement oriented * result- **high responsibility, high self esteem**

Answer 106

* high in warmth, low in demands, nonpunitive * offspring tend to be impulsive, self-centered, easily frustrated * low in **achievement, low in independence**

Answer 107

* low levels of responsitivity and demandingness * may be hostile to their children * result: low self-esteem, poor self-control, impulsive, moody, aggressive | associated with juvenile delinquency

Answer 108

* onset: three months of age. * elevated heart rate, greater right frontal lobe asymmetry * long term outcome: **passive noncompliance** and higher-than-normal rates of aggressiveness when interacting with peers | similar effects for paternal depression

Answer 109

18mo - self-recongition in mirrors and pictures

Answer 110

* 19-30mo * both neutral and evavluative terms | emotional responses to wrongdoing comes last, dependent on caregiver

Answer 111

By age **two or three**, children acquire a gender identity; that is, they recognize that they are either male or female. Soon thereafter, they realize that gender identity is stable over time (gender stability). By age **six or seven**, children understand that gender is constant over situations and know that people cannot change gender by superficially altering their external appearance or behavior (gender constancy).

Answer 112

Bem's gender schema theory attributes the acquisition of a gender identity to a combination of **social learning and cognitive development**. According to Bem, children develop schemas of masculinity and femininity as the result of their sociocultural experiences. These schemas then **organize how the individual perceives** and thinks about the world.

Answer 113

gender identity si a combination of **differential reinforcement** and **observational learning** | mothers choosing gendered toys for their babies

Answer 114

Multi-Dimensional Model | Egan and Perry

Answer 115

**Androgyny ** higher levels of self-esteem than was femininity

Answer 116

middle-age, men becoming more passive, expressive, sensitive

Answer 117

* awareness at 6mo * label in terms of racial group by 3-4y/o * understanding of connotations of racial difference doesn't exist til 10y/o

Answer 118

- no identity crisis yet - not committed to an identity

Answer 119

* no crisis yet * adopted an identity (occupation/ideology) imposed by same-sex parent

Answer 120

* identity crisis experienced * actively explores alternative identities * confusion/discontent/rebelliousness

Answer 121

* crisis resolved * committed to a resolved identity

Answer 122

Gilligan proposed that, in early adolescence, girls experience a **relational crisis** due to pressures to conform to cultural stereotypes of femininity. As a result, they become disconnected from themselves (e.g., they experience a "loss of voice").

Answer 123

children's understanding of death * 2-5y/o: * :

Answer 124

* non-functionality * sometimes they see it as abandonment, temporary

Answer 125

* irreversibility * personification (skeleton/ghost) * believe that they can "cheat" death

Answer 126

cessation of functioning, irreversible and universal

Answer 127

Kubler-Ross stages of grief * stages do not necessarily occur in order, stages may be repeated

Answer 128

1. denial/isolation 2. anger 3. bargaining 4. depression 5. acceptance

Answer 129

Research by Harlow with rhesus monkeys indicated that an infant's attachment to his/her mother is due, in part, to **contact comfort**, or the pleasant tactile sensation that is provided by a soft, cuddly parent.

Answer 130

* visual cliff experiment, baby crosses based on mother's face * baby looking to a caregiver for how to respond in an ambiguous situation

Answer 131

child develops an internal working model, which is a mental representation of self and others that influences the child's future relationships. | Bowlby ## Footnote Internal Working Model

Answer 132

begins 6-8mo, peaks at 14-18mo, then declines

Answer 133

from 8-10mo until age 2, then diminishes

Answer 134

* baby reaction: upset when mom leaves, seeks contact when she returns * mothers are emotionally sensitive and responsive to their babies' cues

Answer 135

* alternates between clinging and resisting * becomes very disturbed alone w/stranger * ambivalent/angry when mother attempts contact * mothers are moody and inconsistent

Answer 136

* shows little distress when mother leaves room * ignores or avoids when she returns * mothers are impatient, unresponsive, or provide too much stimulation

Answer 137

* fear caregivers * dazed or confused facial expression * inconsistent (greeting mother, but then turning away) * 80% of children who have been mistreated exhibit this pattern

Answer 138

* children separated prior to 3mo show little or no negative consequences * children who are nine months or older at time of separation exhibit moderate to extreme reactions

Answer 139

Adult Attachment Interview | van Ijzendoorn

Answer 140

coherent descriptions of childhood relationships w/parents | children exhibit secure attachment

Answer 141

positive description of parents, but the descriptions are not supported or are contradicted by memories | chidlren exhibit avoidant attachment

Answer 142

angry or confused when describing relationships with parents, passively preoccupied | children are resistant/ambivalent

Answer 143

* right after birth: interest, sadness, digust, distress * 6-8mo: anger, joy, suprise and fear

Answer 144

social standards and rules to evaluate behaviors | 12-18mo

Answer 145

outward signs of jealousy, empathy, embarassment

Answer 146

shame, guilt, pride

Answer 147

types of aggression: * instrumental: proactive to obtain a desired reward or advantage * hostile: reactive, response to a provocation or a blocked goal

Answer 148

learn aggressive behaviors from their parents who: * rarely reinforce prosocial behaviors * rely on harsh discipline to control their children's behavior * reward their children's aggressiveness with approval and attention * aggressive parent-child interactions escalate over time | PMTO

Answer 149

* aggressive children differ from their less aggressive peers in terms of self-efficacy beliefs (they are more likely to say that it is easy to perform aggressive acts but difficult to inhibit aggressive impulses) ## Footnote Perry & Busey

Answer 150

Aggression has also been linked to a hostile attribution bias, which is the tendency to misinterpret the positive or ambiguous acts of others as intentionally hostile. | low regret & remorse ## Footnote Perry & Busey

Answer 151

beliefs about the outcomes of their behaviors (they expect that aggression will be followed by positive consequences including reduced aversive treatment by others). ## Footnote Perry & Busey

Answer 152

* morality of constraint * extends from about age seven through age ten. * During this stage, children believe that rules are set by authority figures and are **unalterable**. * When judging whether an act is "right" or "wrong," they consider whether a rule has been violated and what the consequences of the act are.

Answer 153

* Beginning at about age 11, * morality of cooperation * Children in this stage view rules as being **arbitrary and alterable** when the people who are governed by them agree to change them. * When judging an act, they focus more on the **intention** of the actor than on the act's consequences.

Answer 154

moral development coincides with changes in logical reasoning and social perspective-taking

Answer 155

* punishment and obedience - good or bad depends on consequences * instrumental hedonism - obtaining rewards | under 10

Answer 156

* good boy/good girl - good actions are liked or approved by others * law and order - rules established by legitimate authorities | age 10 or 11

Answer 157

* morality of contract, individual rights, and democratically-accepted laws * morality of individual principles of conscious | late adolescence or adulthood

Answer 158

Divorced parents often experience emotional distress and changes in functioning

Answer 159

uncommunicative, impatient, and less warm and loving toward their children (especially sons)

Answer 160

* they monitor their children's activities less closely * less consistent * more authoritarian in terms of punishment

Answer 161

* emotionally volatile attack-defend pattern * emotionally inexpressive pattern * four horsemen

Answer 162

* marry at a young age * lower level of education * no religious affiliation * mixed-ethnic relationship * single-parent home * sexual assault history * cohabited with partner before marriage

Answer 163

moderated by several factors including the child's age and gender * **preschool** children exhibit the most problems immediately after the divorce, * long-term consequences may be worse for children who were in **elementary school** at the time of the divorce. * The negative consequences of divorce are reduced when the conflict between parents is minimized.

Answer 164

sleeper effect

Answer 165

same-sex | with frequent, reliable contact with non-custodial parent

Answer 166

parental conflict

Answer 167

Although there is evidence that, when compared to children in intact biological families, children in stepfamilies have more adjustment problems, the differences between the two groups of children are **generally small**.

Answer 168

* Problems are often most severe when remarriage occurs when children are in **early adolescence**, and this is particularly true for **girls** residing with a biological mother and stepfather. * In terms of parenting style, the typical stepfather tends to be distant and disengaged from his stepchild.

Answer 169

* associated with greater personal satisfaction for the working mother (especially when she wants to work) * fewer sex-role stereotypes in children, greater independence * For lower-SES boys, maternal employment is associated with **better performance** on measures of cognitive development * but for upper-SES boys, it may result in **lower scores** on IQ and achievement tests.

Answer 170

* cognitive and social development * may be negative for maternal attachment

Answer 171

equal if not better as parents | definitely true! wow! science!!

Answer 172

* some studies have found no consistent gender differences * the outcomes are worse for females than for males * effects of sexual abuse tend to be less severe when the abuse was committed by a **stranger** than by a family member or other familiar person

Answer 173

Most interactions between young siblings involve prosocial, play-oriented behaviors. However, middle-childhood is usually marked by a paradoxical combination of **closeness/conflict** and **cooperation/competition**.

Answer 174

same-gender siblings who are 1-1/2 to 3 years apart in age and whose parents provide inconsistent discipline

Answer 175

types of play, first three "non-social" last three "social" | Parten

Answer 176

"friends do not deceive, reject, or abandon you" | 11y/o

Answer 177

* hostile, hyperactive, impulsive, poor perspective taking * high social anxiety, negative expectations about how others will treat them, victims of bullies

Answer 178

social goals have two primary functions - the * acquisition of knowledge * regulation of emotion According to this theory, older adults perceive time as limited and, consequently, tend to prefer **emotionally close partners.**

Answer 179

adults do not usually experience distress and a sense of loss when all of their children come of age and leave home. Instead, the studies suggest that they usually experience an increase in marital satisfaction and other positive changes.

Answer 180

Research by found that teachers' expectations about students can have a "self-fulfilling prophecy effect" on their academic performance, motivation, and self-esteem of students.

Answer 181

Boys generally receive more correction, criticism, praise and help than girls do. Moreover, the nature of the feedback is gender-related; e.g., boys are more often criticized for sloppiness and inattention, girls for inadequate intellectual performance. | Sadker

Answer 182

Research evaluating the effects of Head Start and other compensatory preschool programs has found that, while initial **IQ test score gains produced by these programs are usually not maintained**, children who attend these programs tend to **have better attitudes toward school** and are less likely to be retained in a grade, be placed in special education classes, and drop out of high school and more likely to attend college than their peers who do not attend such programs.

Answer 183

The Montessori Method is an approach to education that emphasizes child-centered, experiential learning and sense discrimination (i.e., learning through seeing, hearing, smelling, and touching).