Physio Flashcards
1
Q
Terms
loss of color vision due to an acquired brain disorder
A
Achromatopsia
2
Q
Terms
inability to interpret sensations and hence to recognize things, typically as a result of brain damage
A
agnosia
3
Q
Terms
achromotopsia damage area
A
ventral medial region of the occipital lobe
4
Q
Terms
posterior parietal cortex and occipitotemporal regions
A
agnosia damage area
5
Q
Terms
a life-threatening condition that involves having severely low levels of white blood cells called neutrophils.
A
agranulocytosis
6
Q
Terms
akathisia
A
is a movement disorder characterized by a subjective feeling of inner restlessness accompanied by mental distress and an inability to sit still
dopamine
7
Q
Terms
Inability to initiate voluntary movement
A
akinesia
Parkinsons symptom
8
Q
Terms
anomia
A
a mild, fluent type of aphasia where individuals have word retrieval failures and cannot express the words they want to say (particularly nouns and verbs
9
Q
Terms
damage to the left parietal lobe
A
anomia location
10
Q
Terms
a person with a disability is cognitively unaware of having it due to an underlying physical or psychological condition
A
anosognosia
damage to parietal lobe
11
Q
Terms
anticholinergic effects
A
block the action of ACh
delirium, extrapyramidal symptoms, GI, insomnia
12
Q
Terms
aphasia
A
unable to comprehend or unable to formulate language because of damage to specific brain regions
13
Q
Terms
apraxia
A
difficulty with motor planning to perform tasks or movements
14
Q
Terms
loss of recognition or awareness of part of the body
A
asomatognosia
15
Q
Terms
lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements that can include gait abnormality, speech changes, and abnormalities in eye movements, that indicates dysfunction of parts of the nervous system that coordinate movement, such as the cerebellum
A
ataxia
16
Q
Terms
variations in melody, intonation, pauses, stresses, intensity, vocal quality, and accents of speech
A
dysprosydy
17
Q
Terms
constellation of symptoms[1] that suggests the presence of a lesion usually near the junction of the temporal and parietal lobes at or near the angular gyrus
A
Gerstmann’s syndrome
18
Q
Terms
Gerstmann’s syndrome symptoms
A
- dysgraphia/agraphia
- dyscalculia
- finger agnosia
- left-right orientation
19
Q
Terms
[ ] a rare, but potentially fatal side effect of the antipsychotic drugs.
A
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
It involves a rapid onset of motor, mental, and autonomic symptoms including muscle rigidity, tachycardia, hyperthermia, and altered consciousness. To avoid a potentially fatal outcome, the drug must be stopped as soon as symptoms of NMS develop.
20
Q
Terms
abnormal sensation of the skin (tingling, pricking, chilling, burning, numbness) with no apparent physical cause
A
paresthesia
21
Q
Terms
involuntary repetitive body movements, which may include grimacing, sticking out the tongue or smacking the lips
A
tardive dyskinesia
long-term use of antipsychotics
22
Q
Terms
face-blindness
A
prosopagnosia
occipito-temporal lobe damage
23
Q
Terms
perceptual phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway
A
synestheisa
reason unknown
24
Q
Terms
impairment in recognition of visually presented objects
A
visual agnosia
25
# Nervous System Overview
golgi complex
| Neuron Cell Body
system of membranes that prepare neurotransmitters for secretion
26
# Nervous System Overview
collaterals
most neurons have a single axon that divides into numerous branches (called collaterals)
27
# Nervous System Overview
myelin sheath
covers the axon, acts as an insulator and speeds up the conduction of nerve impulses
| made up of glial cells
28
# Nervous System Overview
* holding neurons together
* providing neurons with nutrients
* removing cellular debris
functions of glial cells
29
# Nervous System Overview
messages transmitted from neurons dendrites to the end of the axon through a [ ] called [ ]
electrical process called conduction
30
# Nervous System Overview
[ ] charged sodium ions enter the cell to create a state of [ ]
positively charged; depolarization
31
# Nervous System Overview
action potential
With sufficient stimulation from other cells, a cell becomes depolarized (the interior of the cell becomes less negative), which triggers an action potential - i.e., an electrical impulse that travels quickly through the cell.
32
# Nervous System Overview
The [ ] principle predicts that an action potential will always be of the same magnitude regardless of the amount of stimulation received by a neuron as long as the minimal level of stimulation (the threshold) has been reached.
all-or-none
33
# Nervous System Overview
[ ] mediates neuromuscular transmission, parasympathetic arousal, and memory (e.g., memory loss in Alzheimer's dementia).
Acetylcholine
34
# Nervous System Overview
involved in inhibitory **motor** regulation and motivational/emotional functions.
Dopamine
35
# Nervous System Overview
insufficient dopamine in basal ganglia
parkinsons
36
# Nervous System Overview
too much dopamine
schizophrenia and tourettes
37
# Nervous System Overview
ordinarily inhibits behavior and is involved in the regulation of mood, hunger, arousal, sleep, temperature, and pain and in the Bipolar and Depressive Disorders, Schizophrenia, and OCD
Serotonin
38
# Nervous System Overview
[ ] is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter and is believed to be involved in anxiety, sleep, and seizures.
GABA
39
# Nervous System Overview
not enough GABA
Huntingtons
40
# Nervous System Overview
mood, attention, dreamining, learning, autonomic functions
**norepinephrine**
according to the catecholamine hypothesis, low levels of norepinephrine are linked to depression
41
# Nervous System Overview
excitatory neurotransmitter, plays a role in learning and memory, Long-Term-Potentiation
glutamate
| excess can lead to excitotoxicity, seizures, stroke
42
# Nervous System Overview
endorphins
endogenous morphines, pain relief, substance P
| also involved in memory, learning, sexual behavior
43
# Nervous System Overview
31 segments, 5 parts
spinal cord
| cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
44
# Nervous System Overview
Damage at the cervical level ordinarily results in [ ] (loss of sensory and voluntary motor functioning in the arms and legs),
quadriplegia
45
# Nervous System Overview
damage at the [ ] level causes paraplegia (loss of functioning in the legs).
thoracic
46
# Nervous System Overview
The [ ] are the four cavities of the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid. Blockage of the ventricles and a resulting build-up of fluid can cause [ ] .
ventricles; hydrocephalus
47
# Nervous System Overview
12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 sets of sensory and motor nerves
PNS (peripheral nervous system)
48
# Nervous System Overview
SNS
somatic nervous system: from the sense receptors to the CNS, and from the CNS to the skeletal muscles
| controls voluntary activity
49
# Nervous System Overview
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
is a division of the peripheral nervous system and is involved in the control of visceral functions (e.g., heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sweating).
| contains parasympathetic and sympathetic branches
50
# Nervous System Overview
sympathetic branch
| of the ANS
The sympathetic branch is involved in the mediation of flight or fight (emergency) reactions.
Activation of the sympathetic branch produces increased heart rate, pupil dilation, increased blood sugar, and inhibition of the digestive processes.
51
# Nervous System Overview
parasympathetic branch
| of the ANS
The parasympathetic branch regulates energy conservation and relaxation.
Activation is associated with slowing of heart rate, lowered blood pressure, contraction of pupils, reduction of sweat gland output, and increased activity of the digestive system.
52
# Nervous System Overview
proliferation
| CNS Development
new cells produced in neural tube
| starts at 2.5 weeks
53
# Nervous System Overview
migration
| CNS Development
cells migrate to their final destination
| 8 weeks
54
# Nervous System Overview
differentiation
| CNS Development
start off looking like other cells, neurons then turn into neurons with axons and dendrites
55
# Nervous System Overview
myelination
| CNS Development
glial cells form a sheath around cells axon
| occurs post-natally
56
# Nervous System Overview
synaptogenesis
| CNS Development
formation of synapses, influenced by endogenous and exogenous factors
| occurs post-natally
57
# Nervous System Overview
apoptosis
| CNS Development
pruning, cell death, "fine-tunes" brain development
58
# Nervous System Overview
structural techniques
| Neuroimaging
Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are structural techniques.
59
# Nervous System Overview
Functional techniques
| Neuroimaging
Positron-emission tomography (PET), single proton emission computed tomography (SPECT), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provide information on the functional activities of the brain.
| (spect is lower resolution than PET)
60
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
[ ] is a hindbrain structure that controls the flow of information between the spinal cord and brain and regulates a number of vital functions including breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure.
The medulla
61
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
The [ ] is a large structure on the dorsal aspect of the hindbrain. It is involved in the extrapyramidal control of **motor activities** (e.g., coordination, balance, posture).
cerebellum
62
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
Damage to the cerebellum can result in
ataxia, which is characterized by slurred speech, severe tremors, and a loss of balance.
63
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
midbrain contains
* superior and inferior colliculi
* substantia nigra
* reticular formation
64
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
hypothalamus
The hypothalamus consists of a cluster of nuclei that control the autonomic nervous system and endocrine glands, mediate basic drives, and regulate emotional expression.
65
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
SCN
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is located in the hypothalamus, is involved in regulation of the body's circadian rhythms.
66
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
thalamus
The thalamus is a "relay station" for all of the senses except olfaction and is also involved in language and memory.
67
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
Wernicke-Korsakoff definition
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is due to a thiamine deficiency that causes atrophy of neurons in certain areas of the thalamus and the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus and is usually the result of chronic alcoholism.
68
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
Wernicke Korsakoff course
It begins with Wernicke's encephalopathy, which is characterized by **mental confusion, abnormal eye movements, and ataxia**; and is then followed by Korsakoff's syndrome, which involves **severe anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, and confabulation.**
69
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
The [ ] is a network of nerve fibers involved in wakefulness, arousal, and consciousness.
reticular activating system (RAS)
70
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
reticular formation
contains 90 nuclei, extends from the spinal cord through the hindbrain and midbrain into the hypothalamus and forebrain
| damage disrupts sleep/wake cycle
71
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
The [ ] are subcortical structures (caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra) that are involved in planning, organizing, and coordinating voluntary movements
basal ganglia
72
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
basal ganglia parts
caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra
73
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
Basal ganglia pathology has been linked to
Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Tourette's Disorder, OCD, and ADHD
74
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
amygdala
motivational, emotional, attaches emotions to memories, recall of **emotionally charged experiences**
75
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
lesions in the amygdala leads to
reduction of fear and aggression, called Kluver-Bucy syndrome
76
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
The [ ] is a limbic system structure that is important for spatial and explicit memory and the consolidation of declarative memories.
hippocampus
77
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
cingulate cortex
* surrounds the corpus callosum
* involved in attention, emotion, and perception and subjective experience of pain
78
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
The right and left hemispheres are connected by several bundles of fibers, the largest of which is the [ ]
| Forebrain
corpus callosum.
If the corpus callosum is severed, the two hemispheres operate essentially as separate, independent brains.
79
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
contralateral representation
For most sensory and motor functions, the cortex exhibits contralateral representation, which means that the left hemisphere controls the functions of the right side of the body and vice-versa.
80
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
brain lateralization
Though the left and right hemispheres are both involved to some degree in most functions, they tend to **specialize**.
This specialization is referred to as brain lateralization and was initially studied in **split-brain patients**, whose corpus callosums had been severed to control severe epilepsy.
81
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
right hemisphere dominates in
* visual-spatial activities such as facial recognition
* spatial interpretation and memory for shapes
* negative emotions.
82
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
left hemisphere dominates in
* verbal activities spontaneous speaking and writing
* word recognitio
* memory for words and numbers
* analytical, logical thought
* positive emotional states
83
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
frontal lobe parts
* primary motor cortex, * supplementary motor area,
* premotor cortex
* Broca's area
* prefrontal cortex
84
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
frontal lobe involved in
* initiative
* planning ability
* abstract thinking
* other executive functions * personality and mood
* motor functions.
85
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
Damage to Broca's area
produces Broca's (expressive) aphasia
86
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
Damage to the prefrontal cortex produces
personality changes and deficits in higher-level cognitive abilities
87
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
damage to dorsolateral area
| prefrontal cortex
impaired judgement, insight, planning
| individuals become perseverative, poor hygiene
88
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
damage to orbitofrontal area
| prefrontal cortex
pseudopsychopathy
89
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
damage to mediofrontal area
| prefrontal cortex
frontal apathetic symdrome, **pseudodepression**
90
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
parietal lobe contains
somatosensory cortex
91
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
apraxia
| parietal lobe
tactile agnosia, asomatognosia, anosognosia
| parietal lobe damage
92
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
Wernicke's area
| parietal lobe
comprehension, lesions produce receptive aphasia
| when you're in*w*volved with something you comprehend it
93
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
The occipital lobe contains the
visual cortex
94
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
Damage to the [ ] lobe can result in visual agnosia (inability to recognize familiar objects), color agnosia, word blindness, and/or scotomas (blind spots).
occipital
95
# Brain Anatomy and Physiology
Lesions at the junction of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes can produce [ ]
prosopagnosia (inability to recognize familiar faces).
96
# Sensation and Perception
According to the [ ], there are three types of color receptors that are each receptive to a different primary color (red, blue, or green). All other colors are produced by variations in the activity of these three receptors.
trichromatic theory
97
# Sensation and Perception
opponent-process theory
- postulates three bipolar receptors: red-green, yellow-blue, and white-black.
- some cells are excited by red and inhibited by green, and so on; and the overall pattern of stimulation of these cells produces the various colors that we perceive.
98
# Sensation and Perception
* usually caused by a gene on the x crhomosome
* 8-10% of male population
color-blindness
99
# Sensation and Perception
congenital achromatopsia
inherited form of total colorblindness
100
# Sensation and Perception
olfaction process
olfactory receptors → olfactory bulb → primary olfactory cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala
101
# Sensation and Perception
area of the body that is innvervated by the dorsal root of a given segment of the spinal cord
dermatome
102
# Sensation and Perception
older adults with chronic pain report
* lower pain than younger adults
* fewer symptoms of depression dealing with the pain
103
# Sensation and Perception
According to [ ], there are mechanisms in the spinal cord that mediate (block) the perception of pain.
gate-control theory
104
# Sensation and Perception
a rare condition in which the stimulation of one sensory modality triggers a sensation in another sensory modality. For example, a person with synesthesia might hear a color or taste a shape.
synesthesia
105
# Sensation and Perception
just noticeable differences (JNDs) are measured by
psychophysical laws (Webers, Fechners, Steven's Power)
106
# Sensation and Perception
difference between
* Webers
* Fechner's
* Steven's Power
* Webers- W for **WEIGHT**- if if 1 gram has to be added to ten grams for a difference to be detected, then 10 grams would have to be added to 100 grams
* Fechners **LawGarithm** - logarithmic change
* Steven's **Power** Law- "the the power of" meaning it has to be exponential
107
# Physio: Learning and Memory
The [ ] which encode, store, and retrieve of long-term declarative memories.
temporal lobes
108
# Physio: Learning and Memory
The [ ] consolidates of long-term declarative memories (transferring information from short-term to long-term memory).
hippocampus
109
# Physio: Learning and Memory
The [ ] plays a key role in fear conditioning, learning about rewards and punishments, and adding emotional significance to memories.
amygdala
110
# Physio: Learning and Memory
The [ ] is associated with short-term memory, episodic memory, and prospective memory.
prefrontal cortex
| issues linked with schizophrenia
111
# Physio: Learning and Memory
The [ ] is involved in processing information and transferring it to the neocortex.
thalamus
112
# Physio: Learning and Memory
Neural mechanisms that are believed to mediate long-term memory include [ ] and [ ]
long-term potentiation and protein/RNA synthesis
113
# Physio: Learning and Memory
is a physiological process involving the modification of nerve synapses, especially at glutamate receptors in the hippocampus
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
114
# Physio: Learning and Memory
Inhibiting the synthesis of protein or RNA at the time of learning prevents the formation of [ ]
long-term memories
115
# Physio: Language
difficulty producing written or spoken language with little or no comprehension issues;
* Broca's aphasia is caused by damage to Broca's area and involves
* it often includes anomia and impaired repetition.
116
# Physio: Language
damage to Wernicke's area
**Wernicke's aphasia**
* involves an **inability to comprehend** written or spoken language along with the production of rapid
* seemingly **effortless speech** that is **lacking in content**; it may include anomia, paraphasia, and impaired repetition.
| WEEKEND at bernie's- acting like you make sense but actually gibberish
117
# Physio: Language
damage to the arcuate fasciculus
**Conduction aphasia**
* comprehension intact
* anomia, paraphasia, impaired repetition
118
# Physio: Language
Transcortical aphasia types
* transcortical motor aphasia
* transcortical sensory aphasia
* mixed transcortical aphasia
| caused by lesions outside of broca's and wernicke's area
119
# Physio: Language
widespread brain injury aphasia type
global aphasia
* few words
* automatic speech (exclamations)
120
# Physio: Emotion and Stress
"you are afraid because your knees are shaking and your heart is pounding"
James-Lange theory focuses on peripheral factors, proposing that emotions represent perceptions of bodily reactions to sensory stimuli.
| J comes before L just like **B**ody comes before **E**motion
121
# Physio: Emotion and Stress
[ ] theory focuses on the brain mechanisms that mediate emotion, proposing that emotional and bodily reactions to stimuli occur simultaneously due to thalamic stimulation of the cortex and the peripheral nervous system.
Cannon-Bard
| CB are close to each other, simultaneous reaction
122
# Physio: Emotion and Stress
[ ] theory says that emotions are universal but differences in how emotion-arousing events are appraised.
Lazarus's cognitive appraisal
* It distinguishes between three types of cognitive appraisal: primary, secondary, and re-appraisal.
123
# Physio: Emotion and Stress
Two-Factor Theory
| Schachter and Singer
emotional experiences are a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation
| epinephrine study- explaining arousal based on the behavior of a confed
124
# Physio: Emotion and Stress
[ ] was proposed as a brain mechanism (circuit) that mediates the experience and expression of emotion.
**Papez's circuit**
It includes the hippocampus, mammillary bodies, anterior nuclei of the thalamus, and cingulate gyrus.
125
# Physio: Emotion and Stress
General Adaptation Syndrome
| Selye
response to stress is mediated by adrenal-pituitary secretions (e.g., cortisol) and involves three stages:
* alarm reaction
* resistance
* exhaustion
The model predicts that prolonged stress can result in illness or death.
126
# Physio: Emotion and Stress
Type A Behavior Pattern
People exhibiting the Type A behavior pattern are highly competitive and achievement-oriented, have a sense of time urgency, and tend to be hostile, easily irritated, and impatient.
127
# Physio: Emotion and Stress
A number of studies have confirmed that, of the Type A characteristics, [ ] is most strongly associated with health problems, especially coronary heart disease in males.
cynical or antagonistic hostility
128
# Physio: Sex, Sleep, Dreaming
sexual dimorphism in brain development
differences in size of
* corpus callosum
* hippocampus
* SCN
| differential exposure to androgens
129
# Physio: Sex, Sleep, Dreaming
when the **hypothalamus** secretes chemicals that stimulate the **anterior pituitary gland**, which then releases the **gonadotropic hormones** that stimulate testosterone and sperm production by the testes or ovulation and estrogen production by the ovaries. This system is referred to as the [ ]
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
130
# Physio: Sex, Sleep, Dreaming
female sex drive and androgen
androgen more effective than estrogen for restoring sexual arousal, but there is a plateau effect
131
# Physio: Sex, Sleep, Dreaming
sleep stages
alpha, beta, theta, delta
132
# Physio: Sex, Sleep, Dreaming
beta waves
alert, fully awake
133
# Physio: Sex, Sleep, Dreaming
alpha waves
awake, rested, relaxed
134
# Physio: Sex, Sleep, Dreaming
theta waves
deep relaxation, light sleep
135
# Physio: Sex, Sleep, Dreaming
Stage 1 sleep
alpha replaced by theta
136
# Physio: Sex, Sleep, Dreaming
Stage 2 sleep
theta predominates, interrupted by spindles, and k complexes
137
# Physio: Sex, Sleep, Dreaming
Stage 3 sleep
large slow delta waves appear
138
# Physio: Sex, Sleep, Dreaming
Stage 4 sleep
deep sleep, delta waves
139
# Physio: Sex, Sleep, Dreaming
Stage 5 sleep
REM
140
# Physio: Sex, Sleep, Dreaming
sleep stages are on a cycle every
90-100 minutes
141
# Physio: Sex, Sleep, Dreaming
effects of age on sleep
* REM is 50% of newborn's total sleep, drops to 30% @ 6mo
* less REM
* bed earlier, waking up earlier
* do not require less sleep than younger adults
142
# Physio: Neurobehavioral
close-head injuries have two sites of impact: the [ ] and the [ ]
* coup (point of impact)
* contrecoup (other side where the brain hit the skull)
143
# Physio: Neurobehavioral
closed head injuries are often accompanied by
* loss of consciousness
* anterograde/retrograde amnesia
144
# Physio: Neurobehavioral
TBI severity determined by
* GCS (glasgow coma score)
* PTA (posttraumatic amnesia)
* duration of LOC (loss of consciousness)
145
# Physio: Neurobehavioral
TBI retrograde amnesia
recent memories (pre-injury) more affected than remote memories
146
# Physio: Neurobehavioral
CVA refers to a
stroke
| cerebrovascular event
147
# Physio: Neurobehavioral
CVA types
| stroke
thombosis, embolism, hemorrhage
148
# Physio: Neurobehavioral
CVA risk factors
hypertension and atherosclerosis
149
# Physio: Neurobehavioral
Huntington's
| genetics
Huntington's disease is an inherited degenerative disease that is transmitted by a single autosomal dominant gene
150
# Physio: Neurobehavioral
Huntington's
| Emotional and Cognitive Symptoms
For many patients, emotional and cognitive symptoms appear first and include depression, apathy, anxiety, antisocial tendencies, and forgetfulness.
151
# Physio: Neurobehavioral
Huntington's
| Motor Symptoms
Early motor symptoms include fidgeting, and clumsiness, which are followed by facial grimaces and "piano-playing" movements of the fingers.
152
# Physio: Neurobehavioral
Huntington's
| etiology
Huntington's disease is believed to be due to a **loss of GABA-secreting neurons** and glutamate excitotoxicity in the basal ganglia, especially in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus.
153
# Physio: Neurobehavioral
Parkinson's
| symptoms
Parkinson's disease is a progressive degenerative disease characterized by tremor, muscular rigidity, akathisia, akinesia, and speech difficulties; and it may eventually include dementia.
154
# Physio: Neurobehavioral
Parkinson's
| treatment
Symptoms are temporarily relieved by L-dopa, a dopamine agonist.
155
# Physio: Neurobehavioral
Parkinson's
| etiology
due to degeneration of dopamine-containing cells, especially in the substantia nigra.
156
# Physio: Neurobehavioral
Parkinson's
| Positive Symptoms
* tremor at rest
* muscle rigidity
* akathisia
157
# Physio: Neurobehavioral
Parkinson's
| negative symptoms
* postural disturbances
* speech difficulties
* bradykinesia (slowed movement)
158
# Physio: Neurobehavioral
grand mal seizures include a [ ] stage wherein the muscles contract and the body stiffens; a [ ] stage with rhythmic shaking of the limbs; and postseizure depression or confusion with amnesia for the ictal event.
tonic; clonic
159
# Physio: Neurobehavioral
[ ] seizures are brief attacks involving a loss of consciousness without prominent motor symptoms.
Absence (petit mal)
160
# Physio: Neurobehavioral
[ ] seizures begin in one side of the brain and affect one side of the body, at least initially but can spread into generalized seizures.
Partial
161
# Physio: Neurobehavioral
[ ] is a progressive disease of the nervous system that involves a degeneration of the myelin that surrounds nerve fibers in the central nervous system.
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
162
# Physio: Neurobehavioral
MS symptoms
* optic neuritis
* motor impairments
* sensory abnormalities
* fatigue
Additional symptoms that arise as the disease progresses include tremors, speech problems, mood symptoms, and cognitive impairment.
163
# Physio: Neurobehavioral
types of MS
* relapsing-remitting type
* secondary progressive type
164
# Physio: Neurobehavioral
Primary (essential) hypertension occurs when there is [ ]
Secondary hypertension occurs when elevated blood pressure is related to a known disease.
no known physiological cause (85-90% of cases)
165
# Physio: Neurobehavioral
hypertension prevalence by race and age
Older adults have higher rates than younger adults, and African Americans have higher rates than Whites. Rates are generally higher for men; however, for older adults and African Americans, rates are higher for women.
166
# Physio: Neurobehavioral
migraine types
* common
* classic (starts with an aura) (12% of migraine sufferers)
167
# Physio: Neurobehavioral
headache types
* cluster headache (many a day)
* tension headache (non-throbbing, bilateral, band of pressure)
* Sinus headache (first thing in the morning, over the eyes)
168
# Physio: Neurobehavioral
PMS prevalence
* 30-80% of women of reproductive age
169
# Physio: Neurobehavioral
hyposecretion of ADH
| antidiuretic hormone
diabetes insipidus
170
# Physio: Neurobehavioral
hypo/hyper-secretion of ADH
| in childhood
dwarfism/giantism
171
# Physio: Neurobehavioral
hyperthyroidism
Grave's disease
| over-secretion of thyroxine
172
# Psychopharmacology
Agonists produce effects similar to those produced by a neurotransmitter
173
# Psychopharmacology
[ ] produce an effect opposite the effect produced by a neurotransmitter or an agonist.
Inverse agonists
174
# Psychopharmacology
[ ] produce effects that are similar to (but less than) the effects produced by a neurotransmitter or an agonist.
Partial agonists
175
# Psychopharmacology
[ ] produce no activity in the cell on their own but, instead, reduce or block the effects of a neurotransmitter or agonist.
Antagonists
176
# Psychopharmacology
dosing older adults
"start low and go slow"
| same with asians and african americans
177
# Psychopharmacology
direct antagonists
attach to receptor site
178
# Psychopharmacology
indirect antagonists
attach to a binding site on a receptor cell and interfere
179
# Psychopharmacology
Antipsychotic
| Use
The traditional antipsychotic drugs (e.g., phenothiazines) are used for the management of Schizophrenia and other psychoses. They are most effective for positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, agitation, thought disorders).
180
# Psychopharmacology
Antipsychotic
| Side Effects
Side effects include **anticholinergic**, extrapyramidal effects, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
181
# Psychopharmacology
Antipsychotic
| Mode of Action
These drugs exert their beneficial effects primarily by **blocking dopamine receptors**, and their effectiveness provides support for the dopamine hypothesis which attributes schizophrenia to overactivity at dopamine receptors.
182
# Psychopharmacology
[ ] is a potentially irreversible extrapyramidal side effect associated with long-term use of traditional antipsychotic drugs.
**Tardive dyskinesia**
Symptoms include rhythmical, stereotyped movements of the muscles of the face, limbs, and trunk (similar to Huntington's chorea).
183
# Psychopharmacology
Tardive Dyskenisia treated by
In some cases, symptoms are alleviated by a GABA agonist or by gradual withdrawal of the drug.
184
# Psychopharmacology
Atypical Antipsychotics
| names, uses
clozapine, resperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine
| Schizophrenia, Bipolar, Huntingtons, Parkinsons
185
# Psychopharmacology
Atypical Antipsychotics
| use in schizophrenia
alleviates both positive and negative symptoms of Schizophrenia
186
# Psychopharmacology
Atypical Antipsychotics
| method of action
D4 and other dopamine receptors
| also serotonin and glutamate
187
# Psychopharmacology
Tricyclics
| names
amitriptyline, nortitriptyline, doxepin, imipramine, clomipramine
188
# Psychopharmacology
Tricyclics
| Use
Depression that involves decreased appetite/weight loss
| Panic Disorder, Agoraphobia, Bulimia, OCD
189
# Psychopharmacology
Tricyclics
| Method of Action
block the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine
190
# Psychopharmacology
Tricyclics
| problems
* cardiotoxic
* ataxia, agitation, hypotension
* overdose can be lethal
191
# Psychopharmacology
SSRIs
| names, uses
fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline
| melancholic depression, Bulimia, Panic Disorder, PTSD
192
# Psychopharmacology
SSRIs
| differences from TCAs
* less cardiotoxic
* safer in overdose
* less likely to produce cognitive impairment
193
# Psychopharmacology
MAOIs
| names/uses
* isocarboxazid
* phenelzine
* tranylcypromine
| non-endogenous and atypical depressions
194
# Psychopharmacology
MAOIs
| method of action
inhibits the enzyme monoamine oxidase, which is involved in deactivating dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
195
# Psychopharmacology
NRDIs
| norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor
* Buproprion (Wellbutrin)
* used to treat MDD and depressive Bipolar
* less cardiotoxic, fewer anticholinergic effects
* may aggravate pre-existing psychosis
196
# Psychopharmacology
SNRIs
| serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
* Effexor
* MDD, GAD, Social Anxiety Disorder, OCD
* faster onset, increase in blood pressure
197
# Psychopharmacology
Lithium
used for classic Bipolar, reduces mania and suppresses mood swings
198
# Psychopharmacology
Lithium
| method of action
* not well understood
* related to the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine
199
# Psychopharmacology
Lithium
| side effects
* nausea
* metallic taste
* weight gain
* fine hand tremor
* polyuria/polydipsia
200
# Psychopharmacology
Lithium
| Lifestyle considerations
must be careful to avoid fluctuations in salt intake and avoid caffeine, alcohol, other diuretics
201
# Psychopharmacology
Carbamazepine
| anticonvulsant
used to control mania, used for non-responders to Lithium
| better for "rapid cyclers"
202
# Psychopharmacology: sedative-hypnotics
Barbiturates
| amobarbital, pentobarbital, secobarbital, phenobarbital
* sedatives and analgesics
* infrequently used, deadly
203
# Psychopharmacology: sedative-hypnotics
Barbiturates
| method of action
interrupting impulses to the reticular activating system
204
# Psychopharmacology: sedative-hypnotics
Benzodiazepines
| anxiolytics
diazepam, alprazolam, oxazepam, lorazepam
| anxiety, sleep disturbances, cerebral palsy
205
# Psychopharmacology: sedative-hypnotics
Benzodiazepines
| method of action
simulates the inhibitory action of neurotransmitter GABA
206
# Psychopharmacology: sedative-hypnotics
Azapirone
| Buspirone
* reduces anxiety without sedation
* non-addictive, non-habit-forming
207
# Psychopharmacology: beta-blockers
Propranolol
| Inderal
used for blood pressure, angina, and physical symptoms of anxiety
208
# Psychopharmacology: beta-blockers
Propranolol
| Method of Action
blocks beta-adrenergic receptors, which respond to epinephrine and norepinephrine
209
# Psychopharmacology: beta-blockers
Propranolol
| Side Effects
bradycardia, shortness of breath, arterial insufficiency, sexual dysfunction
| fatal for people with obstructive pulmonary disease
210
# Psychopharmacology: beta-blockers
Propranolol
| should not be stopped suddenly b/c:
it will cause sweating, palpitations, headache, tremulousness, arrhythmia
211
# Psychopharmacology: Narcotic Analgesics
Opioids
| uses/method of action
* analgesics, cough suppressants
* acts on opioid receptors in the spinal cord
212
# Psychopharmacology
Naltrexone
- disulfaram inhibits alcohol metabolism
- prevents craving and reinforcing effects of alcohol
213
# Psychopharmacology
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
optimizing medication by measuring specific drugs at designated intervals to maintain a constant concentration in bloodstream
214
# Psychopharmacology
genetic testing types
- cytogenic
- biochemical
- molecular testing
215
# Psychopharmacology
cytogenic
| genetic testing types
examination of chromosomes and their abnormalities
216
# Psychopharmacology
biochemical
| genetic testing types
examining the protein instead of the gene
