Clinical Flashcards
1
Q
Freudian Psychoanalysis
goal of superego
A
The Superego tries to squash the Id
2
Q
Freudian Psychoanalysis
Personality Theory
A
Life is made up of drives, when the Id cannot fulfill those drives, one feels tension.
The Ego operates by the reality principle
3
Q
Freudian Psychoanalysis
View of Maladaptive Behavior
mania
A
repression of libidinal urges
4
Q
Freudian Psychoanalysis
View of Maladaptive Behavior
phobias
A
- phobias are anxious displacement
5
Q
Freudian Psychoanalysis
View of Maladaptive Behavior
A
- unconscious, childhood conflicts
6
Q
Freudian Psychoanalysis
Therapy Goals and Techniques
A
In psychoanalysis, the analysis of free associations, dreams, resistances, and transferences consists of a combination of
- confrontation
- clarification
- interpretation
- working through
7
Q
Freudian Analysis
- confrontation
- clarification
- [ ]
- working through
A
interpretation
8
Q
Freudian Psychoanalysis
Pithy Summary
A
pessimistic, deterministic, focused on past events
9
Q
Freudian Psychoanalysis
Defense Mechanisms
A
According to Freud, when the ego is unable to ward off danger (anxiety) through rational, realistic means, it may resort to one of its defense mechanisms (e.g., repression, reaction formation) which share two characteristics: They operate on an unconscious level and they serve to deny or distort reality.
10
Q
Adler’s Individual Psychology
Summary
A
Adler’s personality theory and approach to therapy stress the unity of the individual and the belief that behavior is purposeful and goal-directed.
11
Q
Adler’s Individual Psychology
Key Concepts
A
Key concepts are inferiority feelings, striving for superiority, and style of life (which unifies the various aspects of an individual’s personality).
12
Q
Adler’s Individual Psychology
View of Maladaptive Behavior
A
Maladaptive behavior represents a mistaken style of life that reflects inadequate social interest.
13
Q
Adler’s Individual Psychology
Therapy Goals and Techniques
teleological
A
- Adler’s teleological approach regards behavior as being largely motivated by a person’s future goals rather than determined by past events.
- understand style of life and its consequences
- lifestyle investigation
- “basic mistakes”
- distorted beliefs
14
Q
Adler’s Individual Psychology
Pithy Summary
A
Less focused on unconscious, focused on the future
15
Q
Jung’s Analytical Psychotherapy
Personality Theory
A
Analytical psychotherapy views behavior as being determined by both conscious and unconscious factors, including the collective unconscious which is the repository of latent memory traces that have been passed down from one generation to the next.
16
Q
Jung’s Analytical Psychotherapy
View of Maladaptive Behavior
A
Messages from the unconscious to the individual that something is awry
17
Q
Jung’s Analytical Psychotherapy
Archetypes
A
Included in the collective unconscious are archetypes (primordial images) that cause people to experience certain phenomena in universal ways.
18
Q
Jung’s Analytical Psychotherapy
Therapy Goals and Techniques
A
- Therapeutic strategies include the interpretation of dreams and transferences (which reflects projections of both the personal and collective unconscious).
19
Q
Jungian
individuation
A
integration of the conscious and unconscious aspects of the psyche that occurs in the later years and leads to a unique identity and the development of wisdom.
20
Q
Jung’s Analytical Psychotherapy
Pithy Summary
A
optimistic and future-based
21
Q
Object Relations Theory
Personality Theory
A
Mahler’s version of object relations theory focuses on the processes by which an infant assumes his/her own physical and psychological identity, and her model of early development involves several phases. The development of object relations occurs during the separation-individuation phase, which begins at four to five months of age.
22
Q
Object Relations Theory
View of Maladaptive Behavior
A
According to Mahler, adult psychopathology can be traced to problems that occurred during separation-individuation.
23
Q
Object Relations Theory
Therapy Goals and Techniques
A
- expose maladaptive relationship dynamics into consciousness
24
Q
Object Relations Theory
Projective Identification
A
a defense mechanism in which the individual projects qualities that are unacceptable to the self onto another person, and that person introjects the projected qualities and believes him/herself to be characterized by them appropriately and justifiably.
25
# Object Relations Theory
Splitting
the failure in a person's thinking to bring together the dichotomy of both perceived positive and negative qualities of something into a cohesive, realistic whole.
26
# Object Relations Theory
introject
an internalized representation
27
# Person Centered Therapy (Rogers)
Personality Theory
Rogers' person-centered therapy is based on the assumptions that people possess an **inherent ability for growth** and self-actualization
28
# Person Centered Therapy (Rogers)
View of Maladaptive Behavior
Maladaptive behavior occurs when "incongruence between self and experience" disrupts this natural tendency.
29
# Person Centered Therapy (Rogers)
incongruence leads to
incongruence → stress → defensive maneuvers
30
# Person Centered Therapy (Rogers)
Therapy Goals and Techniques
The therapist's role is to provide the client with three facilitative conditions **(empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard)** that enable the client to return to his/her natural tendency for self-actualization.
31
# Gestalt Therapy
Personality Theory
- **Self**- creative aspect
- **Self-image**- hinders growth and self-actualization
32
# Gestalt Therapy
View of Maladaptive Behavior
- abandonment of self in favor of self-image (boundary disturbance)
33
# Gestalt Therapy
View of Transference
* **counterproductive**
* helping the client recognize the difference between his/her "transference fantasy" and reality.
34
# Gestalt Therapy
Therapy Goals and Techniques
Gestalt therapy views **"awareness"** (a full understanding of one's thoughts, feelings, and actions in the here-and-now) as the primary curative factor and defines
35
# Existential Therapy
View of Maladaptive Behavior
dealing with questions of death and existence, one naturally feels **existential anxiety.** which has to be processed or it will lead to **neurotic anxiety**
concerns: death, freedom, existential isolation, and meaninglessness.
36
# Existential Therapy
Therapy Goals and Techniques
- Therapist-client relationship important tool
- paradoxical intention- exaggerated and humerous
37
# Reality Therapy (Glasser)
Personality Theory
- Glasser's reality therapy is based on **choice theory**, which assumes that people are responsible for the choices they make and focuses on how people make choices that affect the course of their lives.
38
# Reality Therapy (Glasser)
View of Maladaptive Behavior
result of individual choices - people "depress themselves" in order to fulfill a need
39
# Reality Therapy (Glasser)
Therapy Goals and Techniques
- focuses on current behavior and beliefs
- use of judgmental statements
40
# Personal Construct Theory (Kelly)
Personality Theory
assumes that a person's psychological processes are determined by the way he or she **"construes"** (perceives, interprets, and predicts) events, with construing involving the use of personal constructs, which are **bipolar dimensions of meaning** (e.g., happy/sad, competent/incompetent) that begin to develop in infancy and may operate on an unconscious or conscious level.
41
# Personal Construct Theory (Kelly)
Therapy Goals and Techniques
- self-characterization sketch "describe yourself as someone who knows you well would"
- "try on" other constructs
42
# Personal Construct Theory (Kelly)
View of Maladaptive Behavior
* rejects medical model
* says distress is **poor personal constructs**
* anxiety, etc, comes from a lack of fit of constructs
43
# Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)
Pithy Summary
psychodynamic + attachment
44
# Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)
attachment analogs
Interpersonal challenges are traced to **early life attachment issues**
45
# Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)
Originally Developed For
- was originally developed as a treatment for depression
46
# Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)
Therapy Goals and Techniques
- psycho-ed, hope, modeling/role-playing
- improvement of interpersonal functioning
47
# Solution Focused Therapy
Miracle, Exception, Scaling
- miracle - "you go to sleep and you're better- what would have changed?
- exception - can you think of a time in the last week when you did not have the problem (or it wasn't as bad)
- scaling questions- on a scale from 1-10 how did you feel, how motivated, etc
48
# Solution-Focused Therapy
View of Maladaptive Behavior
irrelevant
49
# Solution Focused Therapy
Pithy Summary
"you get more of what you talk about" so talk about the solution
50
# Solution Focused Therapy
Therapy Goals and Techniques
| 3 special questions
- client is expert, therapist is consultant
- miracle, exception, scaling questions
- directive - gives the client a task
51
# Transtheoretical Model
Stages of Change
pre-contemplation ➡ contemplation ➡ preparation ➡ action ➡ maintenance ➡ termination
52
# Transtheoretical Model
Therapy Goals and Techniques
Guide clients through states of change
- decisional balance
- temptation (to engage in problem behavior)
- self-efficacy
53
# Transtheoretical Model
View of Maladaptive Behavior
irrelevant
54
# Motivational Interviewing
Therapy Goals (OARS)
The specific techniques of motivational interviewing are open-ended questions, affirmations, reflective listening, and summaries (OARS).
55
# Motivational Interviewing
Original Design
- Motivational interviewing was developed specifically for clients who are ambivalent about changing their behavior and combines the transtheoretical (stages of change) model with Rogers' client-centered therapy and the Bandura concept of self-efficacy
- designed for smokers
56
# Influences on Family Therapy
General Systems Theory (Summary)
interacting components are best understood in their context
57
# Influences on Family Therapy
Homeostasis
problems go away, they will re-appear elsewhere
58
# Cybernetics
negative feedback loop
reduces deviation, maintains status quo
59
# Cybernetics
positive feedback loop
amplifies deviation, disrupts the system
60
# Influences on Family Therapy
double-bind
two negatives, conflicting negative injunctions, one verbal one physical, no way to get help, tied with schizophrenia
61
# Communication/Interaction Family Therapy
Pithy Summary
"people are always communicating, even when they're doing nothing"
62
# Communication/Interaction Family Therapy
Report/Command
communication consists of report/command
- report is info
- command is non-verbal
- contradiction between them is when issues arise
63
# Communication/Interaction Family Therapy
Symmetrical vs. Complementary Communication
- symmetrical - equality between communicators
- complementary- reflect inequality (dominant + submissive)
64
# Communication/Interaction Family Therapy
View of Maladaptive Behavior
- circular model of causality
- blaming/criticizing/mind-reading/over-generalizing
65
# Communication/Interaction Family Therapy
Therapy Goals/Techniques
- direct strategies
- paradoxical intervention (prescribing the symptom)
- reframing
66
# Extended Family Systems Therapy (Bowen)
Pithy Summary
differentiation - good
triangulation - bad
67
# Extended Family Systems Therapy (Bowen)
differentiation
separation of emotional and intellectual functioning
68
# Extended Family Systems Therapy (Bowen)
emotional triangle
bringing in a third person to decrease instability and reduce tension (maldaptive, "triangulation")
69
# Extended Family Systems Therapy (Bowen)
view of maladaptive behavior
result of multigenerational transmission
70
# Extended Family Systems Therapy (Bowen)
therapy goals and techniques
- increase differentiation
- be a "coach"
- genogram
- talk to the therapist
- remain calm and focused
71
# Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin)
boundaries
* rigid boundaries = disengagement
* diffuse boundaries = enmeshment
72
# Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin)
detouring
over-protecting or over-blaming one child
73
# Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin)
stable coalition
one parent, one kid to gang up on a parent
74
# Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin)
unstable coalition
parent demanding a child's allegiance against another parent
75
# Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin)
View of Maladaptive Behavior
inflexible family structure
76
# Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin)
Psychosomatic Families
families that focus on the physical symptoms of one family member, can lead to enmeshment
77
# Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin)
Therapy Goals and Techniques
| joining, tracking, etc
- **joining**- mimesis (therapist using family's affect
- **tracking** - understanding family's values
- evaluating and restructuring
78
# Strategic Family Therapy (Haley)
Pithy Summary
Using the client's resistance to change their behavior
79
# Strategic Family Therapy (Haley)
view of maladaptive behavior
- a symptom is a strategy of control when all else has failed
- becomes pathological when there is a denial of the desire to control
80
# Strategic Family Therapy (Haley)
therapy goals/techniques
- altering family's transactions + organization
- social stage (observation), problem stage (gathering info), interaction stage (discussion), goal-setting (agree on a contract)
81
# Object Relations Family Therapy
View of Maladaptive Behavior
- intrapsychic and interpersonal factors
- projective identification
82
# Object Relations Family Therapy
therapy goals/techniques
- resolve family members attachment to family introjects
- processing of transference, resistance
83
# Strategic Family Therapy (Haley)
Paradoxical Interventions
ordeals, restraining, positioning, reframing, prescribing the symptom
84
# Strategic Family Therapy (Haley)
ordeal
unpleasant task client must do whenever a symptom occurs
85
# Strategic Family Therapy (Haley)
restraining
encouraging the family *not* to change
86
# Strategic Family Therapy (Haley)
positioning
exaggerating the severity of the symptom
87
# Systemic Family Therapy (Milan)
originally developed for
anorexia
88
# Systemic Family Therapy (Milan)
view of maladaptive behavior
- circular patterns of action + reaction
- madalaptive behaviors occur when people can no longer make decisions about their lives
89
# Systemic Family Therapy (Milan)
Therapy Goals/Techniques
- one-way mirror
- **hypothesizing** (initial contact is to form hypotheses)
- **neutrality** (therapist remains ally of entire family)
- paradox (therapeutic double-bind, positive connotation [reframing])
- circular questions (Who was more upset, mom or dad?)
90
# Behavioral Family Therapy
View of Maladaptive Behavior
- all behavior is learned
- ABC- antecedent, behavior, consequence
91
# Behavioral Family Therapy
Therapy Goal + Techniques
- alteration of environmental factors (antecedent and consequences)
- focus on observable behaviors
- contingent reinforcement
- communication + problem solving skills
92
# Group Therapy (Yalom)
Most Important Factors
- interpersonal input
- catharsis
- self-understanding
- cohesiveness
93
# Group Therapy (Yalom)
Formative Stages
1. Orientation, hesitant participation, search for meaning, dependency
2. conflict, dominance, rebellion
3. development of cohesiveness
94
# Group Therapy (Yalom)
early termination
- 35% of members drop out during first 12-20 sessions
- post-selection preparation can reduce this
95
# Group Therapy (Yalom)
group therapy + individual therapy
"drains affect" from the group
96
# Group Therapy (Yalom)
contraindicated for group therapy
severe depression, paranoia, acute psychosis, brain damage, sociopathy
97
# Feminist Therapy
view of maladaptive behavior
women's circumstances always reflect the position of women in society
womens issues are:
1. related to traditional female roles
2. survival tactics (means of exercising personal power)
3. arbitrary labels society has assigned to certain behaviors
98
# Feminist Therapy
Therapy Goals
- empowerment
- striving for egalitarian relationship
- avoiding labels (do not use traditional labels to describe feelings)
- avoiding revictimization (blaming the abuser)
- involvement in social action- engaging women in social and political activism
99
# Feminist Therapy
nonsexist therapy
focus on individual factors and modifying personal therpies, recognition of impact of sexism and avoidance of biases
100
# Feminist Therapy
self-in-relation therapy
focus on mother-daughter, mother-son relationship
101
# Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Hypnosis
| General
disruption in communication between brain areas that control movement and executive functioning/self-imagery
102
# Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Hypnosis
| repressed memories
hypnosis may produce pseudomemories, may exaggerate a persons confidence in validity of certain memories (especially inaccurate ones)
103
# Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Acupuncture
endorphins and other pain-supressing substances release at point of needle insertion, alteration in blood flow
104
# Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Reflexology
- application of pressure re-establishes body's balance and promotes healing process
- effectiveness not clearly demonstrated
105
# Prevention
Primary Prevention
- reduction of prevalence by decreasing incidence of new cases
- making a program available to all members of an identified group or population
- immunization/prenatal nutrition/meals on wheels
106
# Prevention
Secondary Prevention
- reducing duration of illness through early detection and intervention
- screening test to identify first graders with reading disabilities
107
# Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
- reduction of duration and consequence of disorder
- rehabs, halfway house
108
# Community Psychology
Health Belief Model
1. readiness to take action
2. evaluation of costs and benefits
3. cues to action
109
# Community Psychology
HLOC
health locus of control- to what extent does the patient believe in their own ability to help themselves
110
# Consultation
Stages of Consultation
* Entry
* Diagnosis
* Implementation
* Disengagements
111
# Consultation
Client Centered Case Consultation
(1) Client-centered case consultation focuses on helping the consultee work more effectively with a particular client.
112
# Consultation
Consultee-Centered Case Consultation
(2) Consultee-centered case consultation focuses on enhancing the consultee's ability to deliver services to a particular group or population of clients.
113
# Consultation
Program-centered administrative consultation
Program-centered administrative consultation involves working with one or more administrators (consultees) to resolve problems related to a particular program
114
# Consultation
Consultee-centered administrative consultation
Consultee-centered administrative consultation involves enhancing the ability of administrators to develop, implement, and evaluate programs.
115
# Consultation
Consultation vs. Supervision
Supervision:
* same profession as supervisee
* administrative responsibility
* position of power
116
# Consultation
Parallel Process
Parallel process occurs in clinical supervision when the therapist (supervisee) behaves toward his/her supervisor in ways that mirror how the client is behaving toward the therapist.
117
# Psychotherapy Research
Eysenck
Eysenck was a British psychologist known for his factor analysis of personality traits, contributions to behavior therapy, and 1952 review of psychotherapy outcome studies in which he found that
* 72% of untreated neurotic individuals improved without therapy
* 66% of patients receiving eclectic psychotherapy
* 44% receiving psychoanalytic psychotherapy showed a substantial decrease in symptoms.
Based on these findings, Eysenck concluded that any apparent benefit of therapy is due to **spontaneous remission.**
118
# Psychotherapy Research
Smith, Glass, Miller
Smith et al. used meta-analysis to combine the results of the psychotherapy outcome studies and found, **contrary to Eysenck,** that psychotherapy does have substantial benefits. In one study, they obtained an average effect size of **.85, which indicates that the typical therapy client is better off than 80% of individuals who need therapy but are untreated.**
119
# Psychotherapy Research
Efficacy Research
clinical trials
120
# Psychotherapy Research
Effectiveness Studies
eff*ect*iveness studies, which are correlational or quasi-experimental in nature.
| ECT is like ETC, quasi experimental...etc
121
# Psychotherapy Research
Therapist-client matching
* Research on therapist-client matching in terms of race, ethnicity, or culture has produced **inconsistent results.**
* However, matching **may reduce premature termination** for members of some groups (e.g., Asian and Hispanic/Latino).
* Some research suggests that other factors (e.g., **similarity in values** and worldview) are more important than similarity in terms of race, ethnicity, or culture.
122
# Psychotherapy Research
Treatment Manuals
Treatment manuals were originally developed to **standardize** psychotherapeutic treatments so their effects could be empirically evaluated and to provide guidelines for training therapists.
They specify the theoretical underpinnings of the treatment along with treatment goals and **specific therapeutic guidelines and strategies**.
A potential limitation of treatment manuals is that they may **oversimplify** the therapeutic process.
123
# Psychotherapy Research
Diagnostic Overshadowing
Diagnostic overshadowing was originally used to describe the tendency of health professionals to attribute **all of a person's psychiatric symptoms to his or her intellectual disabilities.** Subsequent research found that diagnostic overshadowing applies to other conditions and diagnoses.
124
# Psychotherapy Research
alloplastic vs autoplastic
changing the surroundings/environment vs changing the person
125
# Psychotherapy Research
Psychiatry Inpatients
1) For both men and women, admission rates into psychiatric hospitals are lowest among the widowed, intermediate for those who are married or divorced/separated, and **highest for the never married**.
2) Although Whites represent the largest number of psychiatric inpatients, when population proportions are taken into account, patients from other races are overrepresented.
3) For both men and women, the largest proportion of admissions is in the **25 to 44** age range.
126
# Diversity Issues
African Americans
* emphasize group welfare over individual needs
* church is an important part of extended family
* egalitarian roles in home
* healthy cultural paranoia
* best served by "multisystems model"
127
# Diversity Issues
Native Americans
* regard illness as a result of disharmony
* emphasis on the extended family and tribe
* consider listening more important than talking
* collaborative, less directive, **network therapy**
128
# Diversity Issues
Asian Americans
* hierarchical sturcuture, traditional gender roles
* restraint of strong emotions
* appreciate formalism, adherence to prescribed roles
* focus on behaviors over emotions
129
# Diversity Issues
Hispanic/Latino Americans
* family welfare over individual welfare
* interdepenence viewed as healthy
* discussion of personal details with strangers unacceptable
* formalismo before personalismo
130
# Diversity Issues
Sexual Minorities
* internalized homophobia
* coming out
131
# Psychotherapy Research
Therapist Distress
* suicidal statements most distressing
* lack of therapeutic success very stressful
* confidentiality most frequent ethical issue
132
# Psychotherapy Research
Battered Women
* 20% of women, 7% of men have been physically assaulted by a current or former intimate partner
* first step- assure safety, development of a safety/escape plan
133
# Diversity Issues
Cultural Competence
* Awareness (of your own assumptions)
* knowledge (understanding of history & values)
* skills (treatments catered to a specific group, awareness of limitations)
134
# Diversity Issues
credibility and giving
| Sue and Zane
* **credibility**client's perception that therapist is trustworthy expert
* **giving** clients perception that they have received something from thereapy
135
# Diversity Issues
Indigenous Healing
* Curanderismo (healer, religious healing, medicine)
* Ho'oponopono - resolution of a conflict
* sweat lodge- sweating, singing, praying to cleanse the soul
136
# Diversity Issues
Acculturation
| Berry
According to Berry, a person's level of acculturation can be described in terms of four categories that reflect the person's adoption of his/her own culture and the culture of the dominant group
* **integration**- maintains parts of personal culture but incorporates elements of dominant culture - **likes both**
* assimilation- acccepts majority culture, relinquishes personal culture **likes majority**
* separation- withdraws from dominant culture, accepts own culture **likes minority**
* marginalization- does not identify with either **likes neither**
137
# Diversity Issues
Worldview
Differences in worldview can affect the therapeutic process. For example, White middle-class therapists typically have an internal locus of control and internal locus of responsibility (IC-IR) and are likely to have problems working with an African American client with an internal locus of control and external locus of responsibility (IC-ER) who may challenge the therapist's authority and trustworthiness and be reluctant to self-disclose.
138
# Diversity Issues
Cultural Encapsulation
Culturally encapsulated counselors interpret everyone's reality through their own cultural assumptions and stereotypes and disregard cultural differences and their own cultural biases.
139
# Diversity Issues
Emic vs Etic
Emit and etic refer to different orientations to understanding and describing cultures. An **emic** orientation is culture-specific and involves understanding the culture from the perspective of members of that culture. An etic orientation is culture-general and assumes that universal principles can be applied to all cultures.
| Em - specific cultures write songs starting in **Em**
140
# Diversity Issue
High vs Low Context Communication
Members of many culturally diverse groups in America exhibit high-context communication, which relies on shared **cultural understanding and nonverbal cues**. It helps unify a culture and is slow to change. In contrast, Anglos are more likely to exhibit **low-context communication**, which relies primarily on the verbal message, is less unifying than high-context communication, and can change rapidly and easily. Differences in communication style can lead to misunderstandings in cross-cultural therapy.
141
# Diversity Issues
Cultural Paranoia
Ridley described nondisclosure by African American therapy clients as being due to two types of paranoia: A client is exhibiting cultural paranoia (which is a healthy reaction to racism) when he/she does not disclose to a white therapist due to a fear of being hurt or misunderstood. A client is exhibiting functional paranoia (which is due to pathology) when he/she is unwilling to disclose to any therapist, regardless of race or ethnicity, as a result of mistrust and suspicion.
| Help client develop disclosure flexibility
142
# Diversity Issues
Responses to Oppression
* internalized oppression (system beating- acting out against the system)
* conceptual incarceration (acting white)
* split-self syndrome (polarizing onesself into good and bad- bad being the minority identity)
* playing it cool- concealing anger
143
# Diversity Issues
Herek's Three Categories
heteroxism, sexual stigma, sexual prejudice
144
# Diversity Issues
Sexual Prejudice by population
Herek found higher levels of sexual prejudice among heterosexual men (versus heterosexual women) and among individuals who are older, have lower levels of education, live in Southern or Midwestern states or in rural areas, or have limited personal contact with homosexuals.
145
# Diversity Issues
Sexual Stigma
Sexual stigma refers to "the shared knowledge of society's negative regard for any nonheterosexual behavior, identity, relationship, or community" (p. 15).
146
# Diversity Issues
Heterosexism
Heterosexism refers to cultural ideologies, which are "systems that provide the rationale and operating instructions" (p. 15) that promote and perpetrate antipathy, hostility, and violence against homosexuals.
147
# Diversity Issues
Sexual Prejudice
Sexual prejudice refers to negative attitudes that are based on sexual orientation, whether the target is homosexual, bisexual, or heterosexual.
148
# Diversity Issues
Racial Cultural Identity Model
| Atkinson Morten & Sue
Conformity, Dissonance, Resistance and Immersion, Introspection, Integrative Awareness
149
# Diversity Issues
conformity
| Racial Cultural Identity Model
positive attitudes for the dominant group
150
# Diversity Issues
dissonance
| Racial Cultural Identity Model
confusion and conflict over contradictory attitudes
151
# Diversity Issues
resistance and immersion
| Racial Cultural Identity Model
active rejection of the dominant group
152
# Diversity Issues
introspection
| Racial Cultural Identity Model
uncertainty about the rigidity of Stage 3 beliefs
153
# Diversity Issues
integrative awareness
| Racial Cultural Identity Model
adoption of a multicultural perspective
154
# Diversity Issues
Black Racial Identity Development Model
Pre-encounter, encounter, immersion-emersion, internalization
155
# Diversity Issues
Pre-encounter
| Black Racial Identity Development Model
assimilated or anti-black, prefer a white therapist
156
# Diversity Issues
Encounter
| Black Racial Identity Development Model
significant race-related event, greater cultural awareness, wants a therapist of the same race
157
# Diversity Issues
Immersion-Emersion
| Black Racial Identity Development Model
**immersion**- rage at whites, guilt about previous lack of awareness
**emersion**- rage subsides, but rejects all aspects of white culture
158
# Diversity Issues
Internalization
| Black Racial Identity Development Model
one of three identities- pro black, non-racist (afrocentric), biculturist (integration of black with another culture)
may have healthy cultural paranoia
159
# Diversity Issues
White racial identity development
Two phases: abandoning racism (statuses 1-3) and developing a nonracist white identity (statuses 4-6).
1. contact
2. disintegration
3. reintegration
4. pseudo-independence
5. immersion-emersion
6. autonomy
160
# Diversity Issues
Contact
| White racial identity development
little awareness of racism
161
# Diversity Issues
Disintegration
| White racial identity development
increasing awareness of race and racism which leads to confusion and conflict
162
# Diversity Issues
Reintegration
| White racial identity development
idealization of White society and denigration of members of minority groups
163
# Diversity Issues
Pseudo-independence
| White racial identity development
questioning of racist views
164
# Diversity Issues
Immersion-Emersion
| White racial identity development
confrontation of own biases
165
# Diversity Issues
Autonomy
| White racial identity development
internalization of a nonracist White identity
166
# Diversity Issues
Parallel Interaction
| White racial identity development
therapist and client on similar levels
167
# Diversity Issues
regressive interaction
| White racial identity development
client is more advanced than the level of the therapist
168
# Diversity Issues
progressive interaction
| White racial identity development
therapists level of identity development is more progressed than the client
169
# Diversity Issues
crossed interaction
| White racial identity development
status of therapist and client are opposite
170
# Research-Based Consultation Models and Practices
EBTs
- are highly supported because they can be translated into non-research sesttings
- criticized for not addressing the unique challenges that arise in training in public mental health service settings
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# Research-Based Consultation Models and Practices
Telepsychology
- could be less expensive, more affordable
- possible issues with confidentiality, crossing state lines, encryption of programs, informed consent, scope of practice
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# Research-Based Consultation Models and Practices
Bismarck Model
mix of public and private funds for healthcare
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# Research-Based Consultation Models and Practices
Beveridge Model
public funds for healthcare
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# Research-Based Consultation Models and Practices
Supervision
- administration
- teaching
- helping
