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Soc Sci Section 2 24-25 > Soc Sci S2 Facts > Flashcards

Soc Sci S2 Facts Flashcards

1
Q

During what epoch did humans have thrive like never before

A

Holocene

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2
Q

What is the last surviving members of the Homo genus

A

Homo sapiens

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3
Q

Humans thrived under what conditions

A

Conditions of the Holocene

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4
Q

What ended at the start of the Holocene

A

the last ice age

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5
Q

Most of human history took place in what epoch

A

Pleistocene Epoch

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6
Q

What covered vast portions of the Earth’s surface during the Pleistocene Epoch

A

glaciers

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7
Q

What characterizes the Pleistocene Epoch

A

Cycles of glaciers growing or receding and at times, covering vast portions of the Earth’s surface

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8
Q

Parts of Europe that were covered by ice in the Last Glacial Maximum

A

Scandinavia, the British Isles, and parts of Central Europe

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9
Q

Parts that were covered by ice in the Last Glacial Maximum

A

Part of Europe including Scandinavia, the British Isles, and parts of Central Europe, and most of North America

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10
Q

Which continent experienced permafrost during the LGM

A

Asia

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11
Q

What has happened to the ice in the world’s ocean since the LGM

A

the ice has receded and melted into the ocean, but not evenly over time

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12
Q

Warming caused by what contributed to a major glacial meltwater event that started around 14,000 years ago

A

solar cycles

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13
Q

What effect did the major glacial meltwater have on the ocean and warming trends

A

It cooled ocean temperature and reversed warming trends for roughly a millennium

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14
Q

What was the cold millennium (c. 12,900 - 11,700 years ago) known as

A

Younger Dryas period

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15
Q

Throughout what period does the interglacial period follow a longer pattern of ice growing and receding in cycles

A

The Quaternary Period

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16
Q

WHat epochs does the Quaternary Period consist of

A

the Pleistocene and the Holocene

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17
Q

What affects the amount of solar energy the Earth absorbs at different times

A

Milankovitch cycles

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18
Q

What is the dominant forcing that moves the climate back and forth between ice ages and interglacial warm periods

A

the differences in solar energy over time

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19
Q

According to the factors that had dominated the Earth’s climate, what should the Earth be doing right now

A

The Earth would likely be cooling right now

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20
Q

What is the Earth doing instead of cooling

A

The planet is rapidly warming

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21
Q

Another name for the Early Holocene Subseries/Subepoch

A

Greenlandian Stage/Age

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22
Q

Another name for the Middle Holocene Subseries/Subepoch

A

Northgrippian Stage/Age

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23
Q

Another name for the Late Holocene Subseries/Subepoch

A

Meghalayan Stage/Age

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24
Q

What occurred during the warmest period of the Holocene

A

The Early Holocene

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25
Q

The ending date of the Early Holocene coincides with what event

A

A meltwater even in Canada when a glacial ice sheet collapsed

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26
Q

The classification of the Early Holocene as the Greenlandian Stage/Age refers to what

A

The ice core in Greenland, NGRIP2

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27
Q

What bears evidence of the onset of the Holocene at a depth of 1,492.45 meters into the ice

A

The ice core in Greenland, NGRIP2

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28
Q

What have humans already done by the start of the Holocene

A

Humans had already migrated out of Africa

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29
Q

Where did humans migrate at the start of the Holocene

A

migrated out of Africa across Eurasia to the east and west, to Australia, and to the Americas from the north to south

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30
Q

New research have investigates human practices during the Early Holocene where

A

The Iberian Peninsula at the western edge of Europe and in Madagascar off the east coast of Africa

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31
Q

In North America, the beginning of the Holocene appears to coincide with

A

the extinction of dozens of large mammals

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32
Q

During the Early Holocene humans still what

A

Largely hunted and maintained mobile communities

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33
Q

What practices increased during the Early Holocene

A

Agricultural practices

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34
Q

What does the Middle Holocene refer to

A

An ice core from the same location in Greenland bearing evidence of cooling temperatures compared to the Early Holocene

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35
Q

Where was the collapse of the glacial Laurentide Ice Sheet

A

Canada

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36
Q

What did the collapse of the glacial Laurentide Ice Sheet lead to

A

Accelerated the flow of icy water into the ocean

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37
Q

DEspite the flow of cold water into the ocean, what as the temperature in the Northern Hemisphere

A

High

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38
Q

Why did temperatures begin to decline around 7,300 years ago, between 5300 and 2700 BCE

A

Weakened solar energy

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39
Q

What developments were seen in Eurasia during the Middle Holocene

A

The development of some practices that have traditionally been regarded as key historical markers for humanity

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40
Q

What transition was seen in the later centuries of the Middle Holocene

A

Stone Age to Bronze Age

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41
Q

What did humans begin to utilize during the transition from Stone Age to Bronze Age

A

Metal instruments

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42
Q

The most notable socially stratified agricultural society around 5,500 years ago , or 3500 BCE

A

Mesopotamia civilization

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43
Q

The Holocene Turnover abrupt changes in atmospheric and oceanic conditions led to what

A

Sudden alterations in weather conditions around the world

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44
Q

Historical narratives of various parts of the world date back to

A

the start of the Late Holocene or earlier

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45
Q

What is one pitfall in the scholarly fields in climatology

A

They typically date past events according to how long ago they happened

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46
Q

What do Western scholars and global scholars use to find dates

A

They use a calendar system that counts down to the year 0, corresponding with the estimated date of the birth of Jesus, and backed up from there

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47
Q

Another pitfall in the scholarly fields in climatology

A

It’s hard to conceptually grasp the different scales of the historical timelines for each

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48
Q

The whole human history from the start of the Mesopotamia civilization to the present falls within a

A

tiny sliver of climate history

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49
Q

WHat have humans done starting around 3500 BCE

A

cultivated some crops

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50
Q

What societies were larger than previous human settlements

A

New agriculturally based societies

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51
Q

What modifications did humans do in their local environments in the agricultural based societies

A

building impressive structures

52
Q

What types of things were developed in early agrarian societies

A

forms of writing, initially for recordkeeping and were often employed for other purposes as well, including storytelling

53
Q

If society relied on agriculture, what can be seen in the theme of climate

A

any climatic impact on crops should mark a direct tie between climate and human society

54
Q

The complexities of interactions between humans and climate can be seen in what famous early agrarian societies

A

Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and the Americas

55
Q

Location of Mesopotamia

A

In and around the current national boundaries of Iraq

56
Q

What was home to Mesopotamia

A

The most influential empires in Eurasian history

57
Q

What did the region of Mesopotamia receive more of

A

rainfall during the establishment of its early societies

58
Q

Where did the Mesopotamia region get its water supply from

A

the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

59
Q

How was the water supply in the Mesopotamia augmented

A

by human-built irrigation systems

60
Q

What did the Sumerians in Mesopotamia develop

A

writing, a priestly class, and planned cities between around 3600 and 3000 BCE

61
Q

Subsequent powers in the region of Mesopotamia includes

A

Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and Persians

62
Q

What was the result of the abrupt climate changes in Mesopotamia and nearby regions around 2250 BCE

A

cooler and drier conditions

63
Q

Where is the Nile Delta located

A

Egypt

64
Q

What did the Egyptians utilize around 3200 BCE and built

A

their own form of writing and built colossal monuments including the pyramids

65
Q

The onset of a drought in Egypt is linked to

A

The collapse of the Old Kingdom

66
Q

Due to what led scholars to study Egypt for insights into the history of human efforts to protect sustainable farming conditions

A

well-preserved records of ancient Egyptians’ irrigation practices and manipulations of the Nile River

67
Q

Where is the Indus Civilization located

A

In the Indus Valley in modern Pakistan

68
Q

Was one of the largest and most developed societies in the world

A

the Indus Civilization

69
Q

The 3 periods of the Indus

A

The Early Harappan phase, the Mature Harappan phase, and the Late Harappan phase

70
Q

What was the Early Harappan characterized by

A

population growth, new settlements, and urbanization

71
Q

Which Inca phase saw the most advanced features of the society

A

Mature Harappan

72
Q

Advanced features of the Mature Harappan

A

highly stratified social groups, complex city panning with gridded streets and drainage, and trade between multiple villages and urban centers

73
Q

What happened during the Late Harappan

A

Populations moved out of urban centers in favor of smaller village settlements

74
Q

Where did humans for societies with many of the same features as the early agrarian societies of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and India

A

the Western Hemisphere of the globe

75
Q

Where is the Andes Mountains

A

Along the west coast of South America in modern-day Peru

76
Q

What culture was included in the Andean civilization

A

the Chavin culture

77
Q

What took control of the Andean civilization and the entire region

A

Inca Empire

78
Q

Who ruled in Mesoamerica around 1200 - 400 BCE

A

the Olmec

79
Q

What other two civilization took control of Mesoamerica

A

Maya and Aztec

80
Q

What was the Holocene in the Americas in the Eastern Hemisphere marked by

A

fluctuating climatic conditions

81
Q

What was the result of Alexander the Great’s conquests

A

Established a shared common language, Greek, and shared cultural points of reference throughout all the regions he visited

82
Q

In 117 CE, the Romans ruled much of

A

Alexander’s realm to the east and even more land to the west on both the African and European boundaries of the Mediterranean Sea

83
Q

What did the cooler and wetter areas of the Mediterranean in the 8th - 5th centuries provide

A

Favorable conditions for farming and population growth

84
Q

What was featured during the peak of Rome’s power (from around 150 BCE - 250 CE)

A

Stable conditions and stable rainfall in important portions of the empire

85
Q

The fall of Rome represents

A

the transition from antiquity to the Middle Ages or the medieval period

86
Q

What began at the end of the Middle Ages

A

the so-called early modern period

87
Q

The Renaissance is the cultural even that

A

bridges the transition from the medieval to the early modern period

88
Q

The Middle Ages have been described as

A

the Dark Ages

89
Q

Why were the Middle Ages described as the Dark Ages

A

Because of supposed decline in culture and technology

90
Q

What climate event fits the narrative of the fall of Rome

A

The climate anomaly of 536 CE

91
Q

WHat serves as the forcing factor that ushered the 536 CE event

A

Volcanic Eruptions

92
Q

What resulted from the 536 CE event

A

several cold summers in the Northern Hemisphere over the next decade and a half

93
Q

Where is a remarkable collection of human records located

A

China

94
Q

Over China’s history, warming periods coincided with

A

population growth

95
Q

Scholars who have studied plant growth determined that from 2000 to 1600 BCE agricultural practices and a complex society allowed

A

people to withstand the stress of a dry spell in China

96
Q

The most well-known and well-researched climatic event of the Late Holocene

A

Little Ice Age (LIA)

97
Q

LIA was a period of

A

cooler global temperature on average

98
Q

The cooling of the LIA was not

A

consistent over the centuries it spanned

99
Q

During the years of LIA, temperatures were

A

cooler often enough and cooler in enough places that they brought down global temperatures on average

100
Q

What did the beginning of LIA witness in the 1300s

A

the Black Death

101
Q

The Black Death plague spread via

A

trade networks spanning Eurasia

102
Q

The European population grew when

A

European states made contact with the Western Hemisphere and immediately began a system of colonialism

103
Q

Why is it hard to divide the LIA into clear sections

A

LIA is more of a conglomeration of events than one single event

104
Q

What was the leading cause of the LIA

A

Volcanic forcings and periods of lower solar activity identified by a lack of sunspots

105
Q

The minima corresponds to three periods of _______ in ________

A

of glacial advances in the European Alps

106
Q

The effects of the cooling in the LIA were notable in the

A

Northern Hemisphere

107
Q

European contact with the Americas made the Atlantic Ocean

A

a route heavily traveled by humans

108
Q

What attempted route by the Europeans was never materialized

A

the North Pole

109
Q

Europeans expected that the whole globe shared the same

A

climate conditions they experienced around the Mediterranean Sea

110
Q

The world the Europeans first discovered was

A

the world during the LIA

111
Q

The oversea empire Europeans built throughout the 1500s include

A

the Portuguese, the Spanish, the Dutch, the British, and the French

112
Q

What interacted with cultural and economic conditions in Spain and England in the 1590s

A

A cold spell

113
Q

What did the cold spell in the 1590s encouraged Spanish and English residents to do

A

impoverished stay in Spain and move to urban center, while English residents were incentivized to move overseas and participate in settler colonialism

114
Q

Frozen seas to the north blocked

A

the Dutch Empire in its attempt to find a maritime route to China

115
Q

One outcome of the LIA for parts of Africa

A

a decrease in rainfall and a rise in drought conditions

116
Q

What did the Sahel region in Africa experience during LIA

A

drying events

117
Q

Which region in Africa experienced drying events during LIA

A

Sahel region

118
Q

What did China experience during LIA

A

cooler temperatures

119
Q

What were weather patterns disrupted by in South Asia during LIA

A

weak monsoon rains

120
Q

What did China suffer during the 17th century like most other regions in Eurasia

A

suffered social unrest but managed to diversify its crops and stabilize food prices

121
Q

What helped equi Native Americans for the LIA much better than the European settlers

A

Indigenous survival practices

122
Q

Why were the navies of the Spanish, English, and French repeatedly stymied by the weather

A

because of their inability to adapt to and anticipate local conditions

123
Q

Where were the SPanish, English, and French fighting to get a foothold in during LIA

A

Florida

124
Q

Cold weather in Florida during the LIA did what

A

slowed the process of colonialism there but also exacerbated violence against local populations

125
Q

What did colonists do when the harsh weather during LIA limited available resources

A

colonists sought to forcibly take food supplies that Indigenous populations had shared

126
Q

What did colonists do when the harsh weather during LIA limited available resources What did European newcomers on the western side of North America octen become reliant on

A

They became relient on local populations for survival after venturing out to new regions

127
Q

What did modern scientific outlook replace during the Scientific Revolution

A

superstition

Soc Sci Section 2 24-25 (7 decks)

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