Soc Sci S2 EVERYTHING Flashcards
1
Q
A warm period between ice ages
A
Interglacial Period ; pg. 22
2
Q
the first of the three stages of the Holocene and lasted from around 11,700 - 8,236 years ago
A
Early Holocene Subseries/Subepoch / Greenlandian Stage/Age ; pg. 23
3
Q
End of the Middle Holocene Subseries and start of the Late Holocene Subseries
A
4,250 years ago ; pg. 23
4
Q
The second of three stages of the Holocene that began around 8,236 year ago and ended 4,250 years ago
A
Middle Holocene Subseries/Subepoch / Northgrippian Stage/Age ; pg. 23
5
Q
The third of three stages of the Holocene that began around 4,250 years ago and continues to the present
A
Late Holocene Subseries/Subepoch / Meghalayan Stage/Age ; pg. 23
6
Q
a vast ice sheet that covers much of North America during the ice ages throughout the Pleistocene
A
Laurentide Ice Sheet ; pg. 25
7
Q
End of the Middle Holocene Subseries and start of the Late Holocene Subseries
A
2250 BCE ; pg. 25
8
Q
A region in present-day Iraq that was home to some of the earliest agrarian societies
A
Mesopotamia ; pg. 27
9
Q
A period in Europe from the collapse of the western part of the Roman Empire in the 5th century CE until around 1500
A
Middle Ages ; pg. 27
10
Q
A period from around 1300 to 1850 during which cooler temperatures in various places and times resulted in cooler global temperature on average
A
Little Ice Age (LIA) ; pg. 27
11
Q
Early Mesopotamian empire that lasted from around 2334 to 2218 BCE
A
Akkadian Empire ; pg. 28
12
Q
A delta spreading over hundreds of miles in the region where the Nile River reaches the Mediterranean Sea that was home to early Egyptian agrarian societies
A
Nile Delta ; pg. 29
13
Q
A valley in present-day Pakistan that is home to the Indus River, was the location of some of the world’s earliest agrarian societies
A
Indus Valley ; pg. 29
14
Q
A long mountain range that stretched along in the Pacific Rim in South America that was home to early agrarian societies
A
Andes Mountains ; pg. 29
15
Q
A large region spanning parts of Mexico and Central America
A
Mesoamerica ; pg. 29
16
Q
A Greek king from Macedonia who conquered Egypt and Persia and then traveled as far as India with his army
A
Alexander the Great ; pg. 29
17
Q
An abnormally cold year in Europe as a result of volcanic eruptions
A
536 CE ; pg. 31
18
Q
The concepts that external conditions such as prosperity in the land and perhaps even favorable weather validated the authority of current ruler
A
Mandate of Heaven ; pg. 32
19
Q
A political system where states establish control over natural resources and people
A
Colonialism ; pg. 33
20
Q
Periods of lower solar activity identified by a lack of sunspots
A
Solar Minima ; pg. 33
21
Q
Humanity or other specific group of people move from pre-modern conditions to modern conditions
A
Modernization ; pg. 35
22
Q
Perennially frozen ground
A
Permafrost ; pg. 22
23
Q
Pattern in the Earth’s orbit
A
Milankovitch cycles ; pg. 23
24
Q
Refers to a location of a cave in northeast India where mineral deposits give evidence of a climatic event
A
Meghalayan ; pg. 25
25
The period that marks a turn toward the cooler temperatures that would continue in the Late Holocene
Mid-Holocene Transition ; pg. 25
26
The flow of icy water into the ocean
Meltwater Event ; pg. 25
27
A devastating plague that decimated the European population
Black Death ; pg. 33
28
When the Holocene began
11,700 years ago
29
The oldest fossil record of Homo sapiens were found around when
300,000 years ago
30
When did Homo sapiens become the last surviving members of the Homo genus
40,000 years ago
31
The global human population did not surpass this amount before the Holocene
10 million
32
The current global human population is over
8 billion
33
Time period of the Pleistocene Epoch
2.6 million years ago - 11,700 years ago
34
When did the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) occur
around 20,000 years ago
35
How many feet lower were the ocean levels compared to current levels during the Last Glacial Maximum
hundreds of feet lower
36
When did the major glacial meltwater event start
14,000 years ago
37
The major glacial meltwater event cooled ocean temperatures and reversed warming trends for roughly
a millennium
38
The Younger Dryas time period
c. 12,900 - 11,700 years ago
39
The Quaternary Period began
2.6 million years ago
40
In the last ________, there have been 8 interglacials
800,000 years
41
How many interglacials have there been in the last 800,000 years
8
42
How many periods have the Holocene been divided into
3
43
What years marks the present time in the 3 periods of the Holocene
2000 CE
44
The Early Holocene lasted from
11,700 - 8,236 years ago
45
The Middle Holocene lasted from
8,236 - 4,250 years ago
46
The Last Holocene lasted from
4,250 years ago - present
47
The warmest period of the Holocene
11,000 - 7,000 years ago
48
What was the depth of the ice core in Greenland that bears evidence of the onset of the Holocene
1,492.45 meters into the ice
49
The beginning date of the Middle Holocene
6200 BCE
50
Temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere remained high for another ________ years, despite the flow of cold water into the ocean
1000 years
51
When did temperatures begin to decline due to weakened solar energy
Around 7,300 years ago
52
Between which time periods did temperatures begin to decline due to weakened solar energy
5,300 - 3,700 BCE
53
How many years ago did agricultural societies emerge in the Mesopotamian civilization
around 5,500 years ago
54
In what year did agricultural societies emerge in the Mesopotamian civilization
3500 BCE
55
When did the Late Holocene (Meghalayan Stage/Age) begin
Around 4,250 years ago
56
When was the Holocene Turnover
Roughly 4,250 years ago
57
Starting date of the Anthropocene
1950
58
In what year did the International Union of Geological Sciences reject a proposal to formally name the Anthropocene as a new geological epoch
2024
59
Date of which the Late Holocene started
Roughly 2250 BCE
60
According to the calendar system that Western and global scholars use, when did the Holocene begin
9,700 BCE
61
The Late Holocene began 4,250 years ago which is the same as which year
2250 BCE
62
The Pleistocene lasted how many years out of Earth's 4 billion year history
2.6 million years
63
Earth has how many years of history
4 billion years
64
The starting year of the Mesopotamian civilization
3500 BCE
65
Around when did the Middle Ages begin
Around 1350 CE
66
Humans had cultivated some crops starting around when
3500 BCE
67
The Sumerians developed writing, a priestly class, and planned cities between what time periods
Around 3600 and 3000 BCE
68
When did the notable climate-related event occur in Mesopotamia
Around 2250 BCE
69
When was the Akkadian Empire established
Around 2334 BCE
70
When did the Akkadin Empire collapse
Around 2218 BCE
71
The Egyptians utilized their own form of writing around
3200 BCE
72
By what year were the pyramids built in Egypt
2500 BCE
73
Old Kingdom time period
c.2700 - 2200 BCE
74
The Early Harappan phase lasted from
Around 3200 - 2600 BCE
75
The Mature Harappan phase lasted from
2600 - 1900 BCE
76
The Late Harappan phase from what years populations moved out of urban centers in favor of smaller village settlements
1900-1000 BCE
77
Scholars point out what year as a turning point in the history of the Indus civilization
2250 BCE
78
The Andean civilizations included the Chavin culture from around when to when
900 - 200 BCE
79
When did the Inca Empire consolidate control over the entire region where the Andean civilizations were
1400s CE
80
The olmec ruled from when to when in Mesoamerica
1200 - 400 BCE
81
Alexander the Great time period
356 - 323 BCE
82
When did the Roman Empire have its greatest extent
117 CE
83
In which centuries was it colder and wetter in the Mediterranean
8th - 5th centuries
84
The years where Rome's peaked power
150 BCE - 250 CE
85
When was the collapse of the Western Roman Empire
476 CE
86
The Middle Ages are viewed as lasting until
1450 or 1500
87
The Renaissance time runs from
1300 - 1600
88
The year where there were several cold summers as a result of volcanic eruptions
536 CE
89
What year did historian Michael McCormick assert was the worst year to be alive
536 CE
90
Shang Dynasty time period
c.1600 - 1050 BCE
91
Around when to when did agricultural practices and a complex society allow people to withstand the stress of a dry spell in China
2000 - 1600 BCE
92
Zhou Dynasty time period
1046 - 256 BCE
93
The Little Ice Age time period
1300 - 1850 CE
94
When did Europe witness the Black Death
1300s
95
When was the expedition of Christopher Columbus
1492
96
Wolf Minimum time period
1280 - 1350
97
Maunder Minimum time period
1654-1715
98
Dalton Minimum time period
1790-1820
99
The 3 time periods of the European Alps
late 1200s - around 1380, 1580s - around 1660, & 1810 - 1860
100
Cooling during the LIA occured in how many distinct periods
3
101
Colder than usual conditions impacted sites of interactions between Europeans and Indigenous population during
the first centuries of contact
102
Throughout when did several European states build overseas empires via various measures of conquest
1500s
103
A cold spell during when interacted with cultural and economic conditions in Spain and England
1590s
104
The Sahel region experiences drying events around
1600 as well as from 1800 - 1850
105
In what century did China suffer social unrest
17th
106
Between what centuries did Europeans first arrive in North America
15th & 16th centuries
107
Colder temperatures around what dates put a strain on superstitious beliefs about weather and religion
around 1560 - 1630
108
A violent century throughout Europe
17th century
109
More sophisticated infrastructure and stable governments were able to mitigate the dangers posed by LIA in
the 1800s
110
How many periods was the Indus civilization split to
3
111
Due to the 536 CE event, several cold summers occured in the Northern Hemisphere over the next
decade and a half
112
The Mandate of Heaven became established during
the Zhou dynasty (1046 -256 BCE)
113
According to what group did the Holocene began about 11,700 years ago
the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS)
114
According to what is the current global human population over 8 million
United Nations
115
What group in Mesopotamia developed writing, a priestly class, and planned cities between around 3600 and 3000 BCE
The Summerians
116
A Greek king from Macedonia who conquered Egypt and Persia and then traveled as far as India with his army
Alexander the Great
117
Which historian asserted that 536 CE was the worst year to be alive
Michael McCormick
118
During what epoch did humans have thrive like never before
Holocene
119
What is the last surviving members of the Homo genus
Homo sapiens
120
Humans thrived under what conditions
Conditions of the Holocene
121
What ended at the start of the Holocene
the last ice age
122
Most of human history took place in what epoch
Pleistocene Epoch
123
What covered vast portions of the Earth's surface during the Pleistocene Epoch
glaciers
124
What characterizes the Pleistocene Epoch
Cycles of glaciers growing or receding and at times, covering vast portions of the Earth's surface
125
Parts of Europe that were covered by ice in the Last Glacial Maximum
Scandinavia, the British Isles, and parts of Central Europe
126
Parts that were covered by ice in the Last Glacial Maximum
Part of Europe including Scandinavia, the British Isles, and parts of Central Europe, and most of North America
127
Which continent experienced permafrost during the LGM
Asia
128
What has happened to the ice in the world's ocean since the LGM
the ice has receded and melted into the ocean, but not evenly over time
129
Warming caused by what contributed to a major glacial meltwater event that started around 14,000 years ago
solar cycles
130
What effect did the major glacial meltwater have on the ocean and warming trends
It cooled ocean temperature and reversed warming trends for roughly a millennium
131
What was the cold millennium (c. 12,900 - 11,700 years ago) known as
Younger Dryas period
132
Throughout what period does the interglacial period follow a longer pattern of ice growing and receding in cycles
The Quaternary Period
133
WHat epochs does the Quaternary Period consist of
the Pleistocene and the Holocene
134
What affects the amount of solar energy the Earth absorbs at different times
Milankovitch cycles
135
What is the dominant forcing that moves the climate back and forth between ice ages and interglacial warm periods
the differences in solar energy over time
136
According to the factors that had dominated the Earth's climate, what should the Earth be doing right now
The Earth would likely be cooling right now
137
What is the Earth doing instead of cooling
The planet is rapidly warming
138
Another name for the Early Holocene Subseries/Subepoch
Greenlandian Stage/Age
139
Another name for the Middle Holocene Subseries/Subepoch
Northgrippian Stage/Age
140
Another name for the Late Holocene Subseries/Subepoch
Meghalayan Stage/Age
141
What occurred during the warmest period of the Holocene
The Early Holocene
142
The ending date of the Early Holocene coincides with what event
A meltwater even in Canada when a glacial ice sheet collapsed
143
The classification of the Early Holocene as the Greenlandian Stage/Age refers to what
The ice core in Greenland, NGRIP2
144
What bears evidence of the onset of the Holocene at a depth of 1,492.45 meters into the ice
The ice core in Greenland, NGRIP2
145
What have humans already done by the start of the Holocene
Humans had already migrated out of Africa
146
Where did humans migrate at the start of the Holocene
migrated out of Africa across Eurasia to the east and west, to Australia, and to the Americas from the north to south
147
New research have investigates human practices during the Early Holocene where
The Iberian Peninsula at the western edge of Europe and in Madagascar off the east coast of Africa
148
In North America, the beginning of the Holocene appears to coincide with
the extinction of dozens of large mammals
149
During the Early Holocene humans still what
Largely hunted and maintained mobile communities
150
What practices increased during the Early Holocene
Agricultural practices
151
What does the Middle Holocene refer to
An ice core from the same location in Greenland bearing evidence of cooling temperatures compared to the Early Holocene
152
Where was the collapse of the glacial Laurentide Ice Sheet
Canada
153
What did the collapse of the glacial Laurentide Ice Sheet lead to
Accelerated the flow of icy water into the ocean
154
DEspite the flow of cold water into the ocean, what as the temperature in the Northern Hemisphere
High
155
Why did temperatures begin to decline around 7,300 years ago, between 5300 and 2700 BCE
Weakened solar energy
156
What developments were seen in Eurasia during the Middle Holocene
The development of some practices that have traditionally been regarded as key historical markers for humanity
157
What transition was seen in the later centuries of the Middle Holocene
Stone Age to Bronze Age
158
What did humans begin to utilize during the transition from Stone Age to Bronze Age
Metal instruments
159
The most notable socially stratified agricultural society around 5,500 years ago , or 3500 BCE
Mesopotamia civilization
160
The Holocene Turnover abrupt changes in atmospheric and oceanic conditions led to what
Sudden alterations in weather conditions around the world
161
Historical narratives of various parts of the world date back to
the start of the Late Holocene or earlier
162
What is one pitfall in the scholarly fields in climatology
They typically date past events according to how long ago they happened
163
What do Western scholars and global scholars use to find dates
They use a calendar system that counts down to the year 0, corresponding with the estimated date of the birth of Jesus, and backed up from there
164
Another pitfall in the scholarly fields in climatology
It's hard to conceptually grasp the different scales of the historical timelines for each
165
The whole human history from the start of the Mesopotamia civilization to the present falls within a
tiny sliver of climate history
166
WHat have humans done starting around 3500 BCE
cultivated some crops
167
What societies were larger than previous human settlements
New agriculturally based societies
168
What modifications did humans do in their local environments in the agricultural based societies
building impressive structures
169
What types of things were developed in early agrarian societies
forms of writing, initially for recordkeeping and were often employed for other purposes as well, including storytelling
170
If society relied on agriculture, what can be seen in the theme of climate
any climatic impact on crops should mark a direct tie between climate and human society
171
The complexities of interactions between humans and climate can be seen in what famous early agrarian societies
Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and the Americas
172
Location of Mesopotamia
In and around the current national boundaries of Iraq
173
What was home to Mesopotamia
The most influential empires in Eurasian history
174
What did the region of Mesopotamia receive more of
rainfall during the establishment of its early societies
175
Where did the Mesopotamia region get its water supply from
the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
176
How was the water supply in the Mesopotamia augmented
by human-built irrigation systems
177
What did the Sumerians in Mesopotamia develop
writing, a priestly class, and planned cities between around 3600 and 3000 BCE
178
Subsequent powers in the region of Mesopotamia includes
Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and Persians
179
What was the result of the abrupt climate changes in Mesopotamia and nearby regions around 2250 BCE
cooler and drier conditions
180
Where is the Nile Delta located
Egypt
181
What did the Egyptians utilize around 3200 BCE and built
their own form of writing and built colossal monuments including the pyramids
182
The onset of a drought in Egypt is linked to
The collapse of the Old Kingdom
183
Due to what led scholars to study Egypt for insights into the history of human efforts to protect sustainable farming conditions
well-preserved records of ancient Egyptians' irrigation practices and manipulations of the Nile River
184
Where is the Indus Civilization located
In the Indus Valley in modern Pakistan
185
Was one of the largest and most developed societies in the world
the Indus Civilization
186
The 3 periods of the Indus
The Early Harappan phase, the Mature Harappan phase, and the Late Harappan phase
187
What was the Early Harappan characterized by
population growth, new settlements, and urbanization
188
Which Inca phase saw the most advanced features of the society
Mature Harappan
189
Advanced features of the Mature Harappan
highly stratified social groups, complex city panning with gridded streets and drainage, and trade between multiple villages and urban centers
190
What happened during the Late Harappan
Populations moved out of urban centers in favor of smaller village settlements
191
Where did humans for societies with many of the same features as the early agrarian societies of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and India
the Western Hemisphere of the globe
192
Where is the Andes Mountains
Along the west coast of South America in modern-day Peru
193
What culture was included in the Andean civilization
the Chavin culture
194
What took control of the Andean civilization and the entire region
Inca Empire
195
Who ruled in Mesoamerica around 1200 - 400 BCE
the Olmec
196
What other two civilization took control of Mesoamerica
Maya and Aztec
197
What was the Holocene in the Americas in the Eastern Hemisphere marked by
fluctuating climatic conditions
198
What was the result of Alexander the Great's conquests
Established a shared common language, Greek, and shared cultural points of reference throughout all the regions he visited
199
In 117 CE, the Romans ruled much of
Alexander's realm to the east and even more land to the west on both the African and European boundaries of the Mediterranean Sea
200
What did the cooler and wetter areas of the Mediterranean in the 8th - 5th centuries provide
Favorable conditions for farming and population growth
201
What was featured during the peak of Rome's power (from around 150 BCE - 250 CE)
Stable conditions and stable rainfall in important portions of the empire
202
The fall of Rome represents
the transition from antiquity to the Middle Ages or the medieval period
203
What began at the end of the Middle Ages
the so-called early modern period
204
The Renaissance is the cultural even that
bridges the transition from the medieval to the early modern period
205
The Middle Ages have been described as
the Dark Ages
206
Why were the Middle Ages described as the Dark Ages
Because of supposed decline in culture and technology
207
What climate event fits the narrative of the fall of Rome
The climate anomaly of 536 CE
208
WHat serves as the forcing factor that ushered the 536 CE event
Volcanic Eruptions
209
What resulted from the 536 CE event
several cold summers in the Northern Hemisphere over the next decade and a half
210
Where is a remarkable collection of human records located
China
211
Over China's history, warming periods coincided with
population growth
212
Scholars who have studied plant growth determined that from 2000 to 1600 BCE agricultural practices and a complex society allowed
people to withstand the stress of a dry spell in China
213
The most well-known and well-researched climatic event of the Late Holocene
Little Ice Age (LIA)
214
LIA was a period of
cooler global temperature on average
215
The cooling of the LIA was not
consistent over the centuries it spanned
216
During the years of LIA, temperatures were
cooler often enough and cooler in enough places that they brought down global temperatures on average
217
What did the beginning of LIA witness in the 1300s
the Black Death
218
The Black Death plague spread via
trade networks spanning Eurasia
219
The European population grew when
European states made contact with the Western Hemisphere and immediately began a system of colonialism
220
Why is it hard to divide the LIA into clear sections
LIA is more of a conglomeration of events than one single event
221
What was the leading cause of the LIA
Volcanic forcings and periods of lower solar activity identified by a lack of sunspots
222
The minima corresponds to three periods of _______ in ________
of glacial advances in the European Alps
223
The effects of the cooling in the LIA were notable in the
Northern Hemisphere
224
European contact with the Americas made the Atlantic Ocean
a route heavily traveled by humans
225
What attempted route by the Europeans was never materialized
the North Pole
226
Europeans expected that the whole globe shared the same
climate conditions they experienced around the Mediterranean Sea
227
The world the Europeans first discovered was
the world during the LIA
228
The oversea empire Europeans built throughout the 1500s include
the Portuguese, the Spanish, the Dutch, the British, and the French
229
What interacted with cultural and economic conditions in Spain and England in the 1590s
A cold spell
230
What did the cold spell in the 1590s encouraged Spanish and English residents to do
impoverished stay in Spain and move to urban center, while English residents were incentivized to move overseas and participate in settler colonialism
231
Frozen seas to the north blocked
the Dutch Empire in its attempt to find a maritime route to China
232
One outcome of the LIA for parts of Africa
a decrease in rainfall and a rise in drought conditions
233
What did the Sahel region in Africa experience during LIA
drying events
234
Which region in Africa experienced drying events during LIA
Sahel region
235
What did China experience during LIA
cooler temperatures
236
What were weather patterns disrupted by in South Asia during LIA
weak monsoon rains
237
What did China suffer during the 17th century like most other regions in Eurasia
suffered social unrest but managed to diversify its crops and stabilize food prices
238
What helped equi Native Americans for the LIA much better than the European settlers
Indigenous survival practices
239
Why were the navies of the Spanish, English, and French repeatedly stymied by the weather
because of their inability to adapt to and anticipate local conditions
240
Where were the SPanish, English, and French fighting to get a foothold in during LIA
Florida
241
Cold weather in Florida during the LIA did what
slowed the process of colonialism there but also exacerbated violence against local populations
242
What did colonists do when the harsh weather during LIA limited available resources
colonists sought to forcibly take food supplies that Indigenous populations had shared
243
What did colonists do when the harsh weather during LIA limited available resources What did European newcomers on the western side of North America octen become reliant on
They became relient on local populations for survival after venturing out to new regions
244
What did modern scientific outlook replace during the Scientific Revolution
superstition
