Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Soc Sci Section 2 24-25 > Soc Sci S2 EVERYTHING > Flashcards

Soc Sci S2 EVERYTHING Flashcards

1
Q

A warm period between ice ages

A

Interglacial Period ; pg. 22

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the first of the three stages of the Holocene and lasted from around 11,700 - 8,236 years ago

A

Early Holocene Subseries/Subepoch / Greenlandian Stage/Age ; pg. 23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

End of the Middle Holocene Subseries and start of the Late Holocene Subseries

A

4,250 years ago ; pg. 23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The second of three stages of the Holocene that began around 8,236 year ago and ended 4,250 years ago

A

Middle Holocene Subseries/Subepoch / Northgrippian Stage/Age ; pg. 23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The third of three stages of the Holocene that began around 4,250 years ago and continues to the present

A

Late Holocene Subseries/Subepoch / Meghalayan Stage/Age ; pg. 23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

a vast ice sheet that covers much of North America during the ice ages throughout the Pleistocene

A

Laurentide Ice Sheet ; pg. 25

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

End of the Middle Holocene Subseries and start of the Late Holocene Subseries

A

2250 BCE ; pg. 25

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A region in present-day Iraq that was home to some of the earliest agrarian societies

A

Mesopotamia ; pg. 27

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

A period in Europe from the collapse of the western part of the Roman Empire in the 5th century CE until around 1500

A

Middle Ages ; pg. 27

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A period from around 1300 to 1850 during which cooler temperatures in various places and times resulted in cooler global temperature on average

A

Little Ice Age (LIA) ; pg. 27

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Early Mesopotamian empire that lasted from around 2334 to 2218 BCE

A

Akkadian Empire ; pg. 28

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

A delta spreading over hundreds of miles in the region where the Nile River reaches the Mediterranean Sea that was home to early Egyptian agrarian societies

A

Nile Delta ; pg. 29

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A valley in present-day Pakistan that is home to the Indus River, was the location of some of the world’s earliest agrarian societies

A

Indus Valley ; pg. 29

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

A long mountain range that stretched along in the Pacific Rim in South America that was home to early agrarian societies

A

Andes Mountains ; pg. 29

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A large region spanning parts of Mexico and Central America

A

Mesoamerica ; pg. 29

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A Greek king from Macedonia who conquered Egypt and Persia and then traveled as far as India with his army

A

Alexander the Great ; pg. 29

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

An abnormally cold year in Europe as a result of volcanic eruptions

A

536 CE ; pg. 31

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The concepts that external conditions such as prosperity in the land and perhaps even favorable weather validated the authority of current ruler

A

Mandate of Heaven ; pg. 32

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

A political system where states establish control over natural resources and people

A

Colonialism ; pg. 33

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Periods of lower solar activity identified by a lack of sunspots

A

Solar Minima ; pg. 33

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Humanity or other specific group of people move from pre-modern conditions to modern conditions

A

Modernization ; pg. 35

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Perennially frozen ground

A

Permafrost ; pg. 22

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Pattern in the Earth’s orbit

A

Milankovitch cycles ; pg. 23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Refers to a location of a cave in northeast India where mineral deposits give evidence of a climatic event

A

Meghalayan ; pg. 25

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The period that marks a turn toward the cooler temperatures that would continue in the Late Holocene

A

Mid-Holocene Transition ; pg. 25

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The flow of icy water into the ocean

A

Meltwater Event ; pg. 25

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

A devastating plague that decimated the European population

A

Black Death ; pg. 33

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

When the Holocene began

A

11,700 years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The oldest fossil record of Homo sapiens were found around when

A

300,000 years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

When did Homo sapiens become the last surviving members of the Homo genus

A

40,000 years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The global human population did not surpass this amount before the Holocene

A

10 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The current global human population is over

A

8 billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Time period of the Pleistocene Epoch

A

2.6 million years ago - 11,700 years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

When did the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) occur

A

around 20,000 years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How many feet lower were the ocean levels compared to current levels during the Last Glacial Maximum

A

hundreds of feet lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

When did the major glacial meltwater event start

A

14,000 years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The major glacial meltwater event cooled ocean temperatures and reversed warming trends for roughly

A

a millennium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

The Younger Dryas time period

A

c. 12,900 - 11,700 years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The Quaternary Period began

A

2.6 million years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

In the last ________, there have been 8 interglacials

A

800,000 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How many interglacials have there been in the last 800,000 years

A

8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How many periods have the Holocene been divided into

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What years marks the present time in the 3 periods of the Holocene

A

2000 CE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The Early Holocene lasted from

A

11,700 - 8,236 years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

The Middle Holocene lasted from

A

8,236 - 4,250 years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

The Last Holocene lasted from

A

4,250 years ago - present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The warmest period of the Holocene

A

11,000 - 7,000 years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What was the depth of the ice core in Greenland that bears evidence of the onset of the Holocene

A

1,492.45 meters into the ice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

The beginning date of the Middle Holocene

A

6200 BCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere remained high for another ________ years, despite the flow of cold water into the ocean

A

1000 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

When did temperatures begin to decline due to weakened solar energy

A

Around 7,300 years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Between which time periods did temperatures begin to decline due to weakened solar energy

A

5,300 - 3,700 BCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

How many years ago did agricultural societies emerge in the Mesopotamian civilization

A

around 5,500 years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

In what year did agricultural societies emerge in the Mesopotamian civilization

A

3500 BCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

When did the Late Holocene (Meghalayan Stage/Age) begin

A

Around 4,250 years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

When was the Holocene Turnover

A

Roughly 4,250 years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Starting date of the Anthropocene

A

1950

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

In what year did the International Union of Geological Sciences reject a proposal to formally name the Anthropocene as a new geological epoch

A

2024

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Date of which the Late Holocene started

A

Roughly 2250 BCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

According to the calendar system that Western and global scholars use, when did the Holocene begin

A

9,700 BCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

The Late Holocene began 4,250 years ago which is the same as which year

A

2250 BCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

The Pleistocene lasted how many years out of Earth’s 4 billion year history

A

2.6 million years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Earth has how many years of history

A

4 billion years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

The starting year of the Mesopotamian civilization

A

3500 BCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Around when did the Middle Ages begin

A

Around 1350 CE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Humans had cultivated some crops starting around when

A

3500 BCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

The Sumerians developed writing, a priestly class, and planned cities between what time periods

A

Around 3600 and 3000 BCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

When did the notable climate-related event occur in Mesopotamia

A

Around 2250 BCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

When was the Akkadian Empire established

A

Around 2334 BCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

When did the Akkadin Empire collapse

A

Around 2218 BCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

The Egyptians utilized their own form of writing around

A

3200 BCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

By what year were the pyramids built in Egypt

A

2500 BCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Old Kingdom time period

A

c.2700 - 2200 BCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

The Early Harappan phase lasted from

A

Around 3200 - 2600 BCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

The Mature Harappan phase lasted from

A

2600 - 1900 BCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

The Late Harappan phase from what years populations moved out of urban centers in favor of smaller village settlements

A

1900-1000 BCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Scholars point out what year as a turning point in the history of the Indus civilization

A

2250 BCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

The Andean civilizations included the Chavin culture from around when to when

A

900 - 200 BCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

When did the Inca Empire consolidate control over the entire region where the Andean civilizations were

A

1400s CE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

The olmec ruled from when to when in Mesoamerica

A

1200 - 400 BCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Alexander the Great time period

A

356 - 323 BCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

When did the Roman Empire have its greatest extent

A

117 CE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

In which centuries was it colder and wetter in the Mediterranean

A

8th - 5th centuries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

The years where Rome’s peaked power

A

150 BCE - 250 CE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

When was the collapse of the Western Roman Empire

A

476 CE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

The Middle Ages are viewed as lasting until

A

1450 or 1500

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

The Renaissance time runs from

A

1300 - 1600

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

The year where there were several cold summers as a result of volcanic eruptions

A

536 CE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

What year did historian Michael McCormick assert was the worst year to be alive

A

536 CE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Shang Dynasty time period

A

c.1600 - 1050 BCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Around when to when did agricultural practices and a complex society allow people to withstand the stress of a dry spell in China

A

2000 - 1600 BCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Zhou Dynasty time period

A

1046 - 256 BCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

The Little Ice Age time period

A

1300 - 1850 CE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

When did Europe witness the Black Death

A

1300s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

When was the expedition of Christopher Columbus

A

1492

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Wolf Minimum time period

A

1280 - 1350

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Maunder Minimum time period

A

1654-1715

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

Dalton Minimum time period

A

1790-1820

99
Q

The 3 time periods of the European Alps

A

late 1200s - around 1380, 1580s - around 1660, & 1810 - 1860

100
Q

Cooling during the LIA occured in how many distinct periods

A

3

101
Q

Colder than usual conditions impacted sites of interactions between Europeans and Indigenous population during

A

the first centuries of contact

102
Q

Throughout when did several European states build overseas empires via various measures of conquest

A

1500s

103
Q

A cold spell during when interacted with cultural and economic conditions in Spain and England

A

1590s

104
Q

The Sahel region experiences drying events around

A

1600 as well as from 1800 - 1850

105
Q

In what century did China suffer social unrest

A

17th

106
Q

Between what centuries did Europeans first arrive in North America

A

15th & 16th centuries

107
Q

Colder temperatures around what dates put a strain on superstitious beliefs about weather and religion

A

around 1560 - 1630

108
Q

A violent century throughout Europe

A

17th century

109
Q

More sophisticated infrastructure and stable governments were able to mitigate the dangers posed by LIA in

A

the 1800s

110
Q

How many periods was the Indus civilization split to

A

3

111
Q

Due to the 536 CE event, several cold summers occured in the Northern Hemisphere over the next

A

decade and a half

112
Q

The Mandate of Heaven became established during

A

the Zhou dynasty (1046 -256 BCE)

113
Q

According to what group did the Holocene began about 11,700 years ago

A

the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS)

114
Q

According to what is the current global human population over 8 million

A

United Nations

115
Q

What group in Mesopotamia developed writing, a priestly class, and planned cities between around 3600 and 3000 BCE

A

The Summerians

116
Q

A Greek king from Macedonia who conquered Egypt and Persia and then traveled as far as India with his army

A

Alexander the Great

117
Q

Which historian asserted that 536 CE was the worst year to be alive

A

Michael McCormick

118
Q

During what epoch did humans have thrive like never before

A

Holocene

119
Q

What is the last surviving members of the Homo genus

A

Homo sapiens

120
Q

Humans thrived under what conditions

A

Conditions of the Holocene

121
Q

What ended at the start of the Holocene

A

the last ice age

122
Q

Most of human history took place in what epoch

A

Pleistocene Epoch

123
Q

What covered vast portions of the Earth’s surface during the Pleistocene Epoch

A

glaciers

124
Q

What characterizes the Pleistocene Epoch

A

Cycles of glaciers growing or receding and at times, covering vast portions of the Earth’s surface

125
Q

Parts of Europe that were covered by ice in the Last Glacial Maximum

A

Scandinavia, the British Isles, and parts of Central Europe

126
Q

Parts that were covered by ice in the Last Glacial Maximum

A

Part of Europe including Scandinavia, the British Isles, and parts of Central Europe, and most of North America

127
Q

Which continent experienced permafrost during the LGM

A

Asia

128
Q

What has happened to the ice in the world’s ocean since the LGM

A

the ice has receded and melted into the ocean, but not evenly over time

129
Q

Warming caused by what contributed to a major glacial meltwater event that started around 14,000 years ago

A

solar cycles

130
Q

What effect did the major glacial meltwater have on the ocean and warming trends

A

It cooled ocean temperature and reversed warming trends for roughly a millennium

131
Q

What was the cold millennium (c. 12,900 - 11,700 years ago) known as

A

Younger Dryas period

132
Q

Throughout what period does the interglacial period follow a longer pattern of ice growing and receding in cycles

A

The Quaternary Period

133
Q

WHat epochs does the Quaternary Period consist of

A

the Pleistocene and the Holocene

134
Q

What affects the amount of solar energy the Earth absorbs at different times

A

Milankovitch cycles

135
Q

What is the dominant forcing that moves the climate back and forth between ice ages and interglacial warm periods

A

the differences in solar energy over time

136
Q

According to the factors that had dominated the Earth’s climate, what should the Earth be doing right now

A

The Earth would likely be cooling right now

137
Q

What is the Earth doing instead of cooling

A

The planet is rapidly warming

138
Q

Another name for the Early Holocene Subseries/Subepoch

A

Greenlandian Stage/Age

139
Q

Another name for the Middle Holocene Subseries/Subepoch

A

Northgrippian Stage/Age

140
Q

Another name for the Late Holocene Subseries/Subepoch

A

Meghalayan Stage/Age

141
Q

What occurred during the warmest period of the Holocene

A

The Early Holocene

142
Q

The ending date of the Early Holocene coincides with what event

A

A meltwater even in Canada when a glacial ice sheet collapsed

143
Q

The classification of the Early Holocene as the Greenlandian Stage/Age refers to what

A

The ice core in Greenland, NGRIP2

144
Q

What bears evidence of the onset of the Holocene at a depth of 1,492.45 meters into the ice

A

The ice core in Greenland, NGRIP2

145
Q

What have humans already done by the start of the Holocene

A

Humans had already migrated out of Africa

146
Q

Where did humans migrate at the start of the Holocene

A

migrated out of Africa across Eurasia to the east and west, to Australia, and to the Americas from the north to south

147
Q

New research have investigates human practices during the Early Holocene where

A

The Iberian Peninsula at the western edge of Europe and in Madagascar off the east coast of Africa

148
Q

In North America, the beginning of the Holocene appears to coincide with

A

the extinction of dozens of large mammals

149
Q

During the Early Holocene humans still what

A

Largely hunted and maintained mobile communities

150
Q

What practices increased during the Early Holocene

A

Agricultural practices

151
Q

What does the Middle Holocene refer to

A

An ice core from the same location in Greenland bearing evidence of cooling temperatures compared to the Early Holocene

152
Q

Where was the collapse of the glacial Laurentide Ice Sheet

A

Canada

153
Q

What did the collapse of the glacial Laurentide Ice Sheet lead to

A

Accelerated the flow of icy water into the ocean

154
Q

DEspite the flow of cold water into the ocean, what as the temperature in the Northern Hemisphere

A

High

155
Q

Why did temperatures begin to decline around 7,300 years ago, between 5300 and 2700 BCE

A

Weakened solar energy

156
Q

What developments were seen in Eurasia during the Middle Holocene

A

The development of some practices that have traditionally been regarded as key historical markers for humanity

157
Q

What transition was seen in the later centuries of the Middle Holocene

A

Stone Age to Bronze Age

158
Q

What did humans begin to utilize during the transition from Stone Age to Bronze Age

A

Metal instruments

159
Q

The most notable socially stratified agricultural society around 5,500 years ago , or 3500 BCE

A

Mesopotamia civilization

160
Q

The Holocene Turnover abrupt changes in atmospheric and oceanic conditions led to what

A

Sudden alterations in weather conditions around the world

161
Q

Historical narratives of various parts of the world date back to

A

the start of the Late Holocene or earlier

162
Q

What is one pitfall in the scholarly fields in climatology

A

They typically date past events according to how long ago they happened

163
Q

What do Western scholars and global scholars use to find dates

A

They use a calendar system that counts down to the year 0, corresponding with the estimated date of the birth of Jesus, and backed up from there

164
Q

Another pitfall in the scholarly fields in climatology

A

It’s hard to conceptually grasp the different scales of the historical timelines for each

165
Q

The whole human history from the start of the Mesopotamia civilization to the present falls within a

A

tiny sliver of climate history

166
Q

WHat have humans done starting around 3500 BCE

A

cultivated some crops

167
Q

What societies were larger than previous human settlements

A

New agriculturally based societies

168
Q

What modifications did humans do in their local environments in the agricultural based societies

A

building impressive structures

169
Q

What types of things were developed in early agrarian societies

A

forms of writing, initially for recordkeeping and were often employed for other purposes as well, including storytelling

170
Q

If society relied on agriculture, what can be seen in the theme of climate

A

any climatic impact on crops should mark a direct tie between climate and human society

171
Q

The complexities of interactions between humans and climate can be seen in what famous early agrarian societies

A

Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and the Americas

172
Q

Location of Mesopotamia

A

In and around the current national boundaries of Iraq

173
Q

What was home to Mesopotamia

A

The most influential empires in Eurasian history

174
Q

What did the region of Mesopotamia receive more of

A

rainfall during the establishment of its early societies

175
Q

Where did the Mesopotamia region get its water supply from

A

the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

176
Q

How was the water supply in the Mesopotamia augmented

A

by human-built irrigation systems

177
Q

What did the Sumerians in Mesopotamia develop

A

writing, a priestly class, and planned cities between around 3600 and 3000 BCE

178
Q

Subsequent powers in the region of Mesopotamia includes

A

Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and Persians

179
Q

What was the result of the abrupt climate changes in Mesopotamia and nearby regions around 2250 BCE

A

cooler and drier conditions

180
Q

Where is the Nile Delta located

A

Egypt

181
Q

What did the Egyptians utilize around 3200 BCE and built

A

their own form of writing and built colossal monuments including the pyramids

182
Q

The onset of a drought in Egypt is linked to

A

The collapse of the Old Kingdom

183
Q

Due to what led scholars to study Egypt for insights into the history of human efforts to protect sustainable farming conditions

A

well-preserved records of ancient Egyptians’ irrigation practices and manipulations of the Nile River

184
Q

Where is the Indus Civilization located

A

In the Indus Valley in modern Pakistan

185
Q

Was one of the largest and most developed societies in the world

A

the Indus Civilization

186
Q

The 3 periods of the Indus

A

The Early Harappan phase, the Mature Harappan phase, and the Late Harappan phase

187
Q

What was the Early Harappan characterized by

A

population growth, new settlements, and urbanization

188
Q

Which Inca phase saw the most advanced features of the society

A

Mature Harappan

189
Q

Advanced features of the Mature Harappan

A

highly stratified social groups, complex city panning with gridded streets and drainage, and trade between multiple villages and urban centers

190
Q

What happened during the Late Harappan

A

Populations moved out of urban centers in favor of smaller village settlements

191
Q

Where did humans for societies with many of the same features as the early agrarian societies of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and India

A

the Western Hemisphere of the globe

192
Q

Where is the Andes Mountains

A

Along the west coast of South America in modern-day Peru

193
Q

What culture was included in the Andean civilization

A

the Chavin culture

194
Q

What took control of the Andean civilization and the entire region

A

Inca Empire

195
Q

Who ruled in Mesoamerica around 1200 - 400 BCE

A

the Olmec

196
Q

What other two civilization took control of Mesoamerica

A

Maya and Aztec

197
Q

What was the Holocene in the Americas in the Eastern Hemisphere marked by

A

fluctuating climatic conditions

198
Q

What was the result of Alexander the Great’s conquests

A

Established a shared common language, Greek, and shared cultural points of reference throughout all the regions he visited

199
Q

In 117 CE, the Romans ruled much of

A

Alexander’s realm to the east and even more land to the west on both the African and European boundaries of the Mediterranean Sea

200
Q

What did the cooler and wetter areas of the Mediterranean in the 8th - 5th centuries provide

A

Favorable conditions for farming and population growth

201
Q

What was featured during the peak of Rome’s power (from around 150 BCE - 250 CE)

A

Stable conditions and stable rainfall in important portions of the empire

202
Q

The fall of Rome represents

A

the transition from antiquity to the Middle Ages or the medieval period

203
Q

What began at the end of the Middle Ages

A

the so-called early modern period

204
Q

The Renaissance is the cultural even that

A

bridges the transition from the medieval to the early modern period

205
Q

The Middle Ages have been described as

A

the Dark Ages

206
Q

Why were the Middle Ages described as the Dark Ages

A

Because of supposed decline in culture and technology

207
Q

What climate event fits the narrative of the fall of Rome

A

The climate anomaly of 536 CE

208
Q

WHat serves as the forcing factor that ushered the 536 CE event

A

Volcanic Eruptions

209
Q

What resulted from the 536 CE event

A

several cold summers in the Northern Hemisphere over the next decade and a half

210
Q

Where is a remarkable collection of human records located

A

China

211
Q

Over China’s history, warming periods coincided with

A

population growth

212
Q

Scholars who have studied plant growth determined that from 2000 to 1600 BCE agricultural practices and a complex society allowed

A

people to withstand the stress of a dry spell in China

213
Q

The most well-known and well-researched climatic event of the Late Holocene

A

Little Ice Age (LIA)

214
Q

LIA was a period of

A

cooler global temperature on average

215
Q

The cooling of the LIA was not

A

consistent over the centuries it spanned

216
Q

During the years of LIA, temperatures were

A

cooler often enough and cooler in enough places that they brought down global temperatures on average

217
Q

What did the beginning of LIA witness in the 1300s

A

the Black Death

218
Q

The Black Death plague spread via

A

trade networks spanning Eurasia

219
Q

The European population grew when

A

European states made contact with the Western Hemisphere and immediately began a system of colonialism

220
Q

Why is it hard to divide the LIA into clear sections

A

LIA is more of a conglomeration of events than one single event

221
Q

What was the leading cause of the LIA

A

Volcanic forcings and periods of lower solar activity identified by a lack of sunspots

222
Q

The minima corresponds to three periods of _______ in ________

A

of glacial advances in the European Alps

223
Q

The effects of the cooling in the LIA were notable in the

A

Northern Hemisphere

224
Q

European contact with the Americas made the Atlantic Ocean

A

a route heavily traveled by humans

225
Q

What attempted route by the Europeans was never materialized

A

the North Pole

226
Q

Europeans expected that the whole globe shared the same

A

climate conditions they experienced around the Mediterranean Sea

227
Q

The world the Europeans first discovered was

A

the world during the LIA

228
Q

The oversea empire Europeans built throughout the 1500s include

A

the Portuguese, the Spanish, the Dutch, the British, and the French

229
Q

What interacted with cultural and economic conditions in Spain and England in the 1590s

A

A cold spell

230
Q

What did the cold spell in the 1590s encouraged Spanish and English residents to do

A

impoverished stay in Spain and move to urban center, while English residents were incentivized to move overseas and participate in settler colonialism

231
Q

Frozen seas to the north blocked

A

the Dutch Empire in its attempt to find a maritime route to China

232
Q

One outcome of the LIA for parts of Africa

A

a decrease in rainfall and a rise in drought conditions

233
Q

What did the Sahel region in Africa experience during LIA

A

drying events

234
Q

Which region in Africa experienced drying events during LIA

A

Sahel region

235
Q

What did China experience during LIA

A

cooler temperatures

236
Q

What were weather patterns disrupted by in South Asia during LIA

A

weak monsoon rains

237
Q

What did China suffer during the 17th century like most other regions in Eurasia

A

suffered social unrest but managed to diversify its crops and stabilize food prices

238
Q

What helped equi Native Americans for the LIA much better than the European settlers

A

Indigenous survival practices

239
Q

Why were the navies of the Spanish, English, and French repeatedly stymied by the weather

A

because of their inability to adapt to and anticipate local conditions

240
Q

Where were the SPanish, English, and French fighting to get a foothold in during LIA

A

Florida

241
Q

Cold weather in Florida during the LIA did what

A

slowed the process of colonialism there but also exacerbated violence against local populations

242
Q

What did colonists do when the harsh weather during LIA limited available resources

A

colonists sought to forcibly take food supplies that Indigenous populations had shared

243
Q

What did colonists do when the harsh weather during LIA limited available resources What did European newcomers on the western side of North America octen become reliant on

A

They became relient on local populations for survival after venturing out to new regions

244
Q

What did modern scientific outlook replace during the Scientific Revolution

A

superstition

Soc Sci Section 2 24-25 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions