Soc Sci S2 Dates/Numbers Flashcards
When the Holocene began
11,700 years ago
The oldest fossil record of Homo sapiens were found around when
300,000 years ago
When did Homo sapiens become the last surviving members of the Homo genus
40,000 years ago
The global human population did not surpass this amount before the Holocene
10 million
The current global human population is over
8 billion
Time period of the Pleistocene Epoch
2.6 million years ago - 11,700 years ago
When did the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) occur
around 20,000 years ago
How many feet lower were the ocean levels compared to current levels during the Last Glacial Maximum
hundreds of feet lower
When did the major glacial meltwater event start
14,000 years ago
The major glacial meltwater event cooled ocean temperatures and reversed warming trends for roughly
a millennium
The Younger Dryas time period
c. 12,900 - 11,700 years ago
The Quaternary Period began
2.6 million years ago
In the last ________, there have been 8 interglacials
800,000 years
How many interglacials have there been in the last 800,000 years
8
How many periods have the Holocene been divided into
3
What years marks the present time in the 3 periods of the Holocene
2000 CE
The Early Holocene lasted from
11,700 - 8,236 years ago
The Middle Holocene lasted from
8,236 - 4,250 years ago
The Last Holocene lasted from
4,250 years ago - present
The warmest period of the Holocene (years ago)
11,000 - 7,000 years ago
What was the depth of the ice core in Greenland that bears evidence of the onset of the Holocene
1,492.45 meters into the ice
The beginning date of the Middle Holocene
6200 BCE
Temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere remained high for another ________ years, despite the flow of cold water into the ocean
1000 years
When did temperatures begin to decline due to weakened solar energy
Around 7,300 years ago
Between which time periods did temperatures begin to decline due to weakened solar energy
5,300 - 3,700 BCE
How many years ago did agricultural societies emerge in the Mesopotamian civilization
around 5,500 years ago
In what year did agricultural societies emerge in the Mesopotamian civilization
3500 BCE
When did the Late Holocene (Meghalayan Stage/Age) begin
Around 4,250 years ago
When was the Holocene Turnover
Roughly 4,250 years ago
Starting date of the Anthropocene
1950
In what year did the International Union of Geological Sciences reject a proposal to formally name the Anthropocene as a new geological epoch
2024
Date of which the Late Holocene started
Roughly 2250 BCE
According to the calendar system that Western and global scholars use, when did the Holocene begin (BCE)
9,700 BCE
The Late Holocene began 4,250 years ago which is the same as which year
2250 BCE
The Pleistocene lasted how many years out of Earth’s 4 billion year history
2.6 million years
Earth has how many years of history
4 billion years
The starting year of the Mesopotamian civilization (BCE)
3500 BCE
Around when did the Middle Ages begin
Around 1350 CE
Humans had cultivated some crops starting around when
3500 BCE
The Sumerians developed writing, a priestly class, and planned cities between what time periods
Around 3600 and 3000 BCE
When did the notable climate-related event occur in Mesopotamia
Around 2250 BCE
When was the Akkadian Empire established
Around 2334 BCE
When did the Akkadin Empire collapse
Around 2218 BCE
The Egyptians utilized their own form of writing around
3200 BCE
By what year were the pyramids built in Egypt
2500 BCE
Old Kingdom time period
c.2700 - 2200 BCE
The Early Harappan phase lasted from
Around 3200 - 2600 BCE
The Mature Harappan phase lasted from
2600 - 1900 BCE
The Late Harappan phase from what years populations moved out of urban centers in favor of smaller village settlements
1900-1000 BCE
Scholars point out what year as a turning point in the history of the Indus civilization
2250 BCE
The Andean civilizations included the Chavin culture from around when to when
900 - 200 BCE
When did the Inca Empire consolidate control over the entire region where the Andean civilizations were
1400s CE
The olmec ruled from when to when in Mesoamerica
1200 - 400 BCE
Alexander the Great time period
356 - 323 BCE
When did the Roman Empire have its greatest extent
117 CE
In which centuries was it colder and wetter in the Mediterranean
8th - 5th centuries
The years where Rome’s peaked power
150 BCE - 250 CE
When was the collapse of the Western Roman Empire
476 CE
The Middle Ages are viewed as lasting until
1450 or 1500
The Renaissance time runs from
1300 - 1600
The year where there were several cold summers as a result of volcanic eruptions
536 CE
What year did historian Michael McCormick assert was the worst year to be alive
536 CE
Shang Dynasty time period
c.1600 - 1050 BCE
Around when to when did agricultural practices and a complex society allow people to withstand the stress of a dry spell in China
2000 - 1600 BCE
Zhou Dynasty time period
1046 - 256 BCE
The Little Ice Age time period
1300 - 1850 CE
When did Europe witness the Black Death
1300s
When was the expedition of Christopher Columbus
1492
Wolf Minimum time period
1280 - 1350
Maunder Minimum time period
1654-1715
Dalton Minimum time period
1790-1820
The 3 time periods of the European Alps
late 1200s - around 1380, 1580s - around 1660, & 1810 - 1860
Cooling during the LIA occured in how many distinct periods
3
Colder than usual conditions impacted sites of interactions between Europeans and Indigenous population during
the first centuries of contact
Throughout when did several European states build overseas empires via various measures of conquest
1500s
A cold spell during when interacted with cultural and economic conditions in Spain and England
1590s
The Sahel region experiences drying events around
1600 as well as from 1800 - 1850
In what century did China suffer social unrest
17th
Between what centuries did Europeans first arrive in North America
15th & 16th centuries
Colder temperatures around what dates put a strain on superstitious beliefs about weather and religion
around 1560 - 1630
A violent century throughout Europe
17th century
More sophisticated infrastructure and stable governments were able to mitigate the dangers posed by LIA in
the 1800s
How many periods was the Indus civilization split to
3
Due to the 536 CE event, several cold summers occured in the Northern Hemisphere over the next
decade and a half
The Mandate of Heaven became established during
the Zhou dynasty (1046 -256 BCE)
