Soc Sci S2 Dates/Numbers Flashcards by Lehansa Fernando

When the Holocene began

11,700 years ago

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The oldest fossil record of Homo sapiens were found around when

300,000 years ago

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When did Homo sapiens become the last surviving members of the Homo genus

40,000 years ago

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The global human population did not surpass this amount before the Holocene

10 million

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The current global human population is over

8 billion

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Time period of the Pleistocene Epoch

2.6 million years ago - 11,700 years ago

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When did the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) occur

around 20,000 years ago

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How many feet lower were the ocean levels compared to current levels during the Last Glacial Maximum

hundreds of feet lower

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When did the major glacial meltwater event start

14,000 years ago

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The major glacial meltwater event cooled ocean temperatures and reversed warming trends for roughly

a millennium

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The Younger Dryas time period

c. 12,900 - 11,700 years ago

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The Quaternary Period began

2.6 million years ago

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In the last ________, there have been 8 interglacials

800,000 years

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How many interglacials have there been in the last 800,000 years

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How many periods have the Holocene been divided into

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What years marks the present time in the 3 periods of the Holocene

2000 CE

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The Early Holocene lasted from

11,700 - 8,236 years ago

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The Middle Holocene lasted from

8,236 - 4,250 years ago

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The Last Holocene lasted from

4,250 years ago - present

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The warmest period of the Holocene (years ago)

11,000 - 7,000 years ago

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What was the depth of the ice core in Greenland that bears evidence of the onset of the Holocene

1,492.45 meters into the ice

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The beginning date of the Middle Holocene

6200 BCE

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Temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere remained high for another ________ years, despite the flow of cold water into the ocean

1000 years

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When did temperatures begin to decline due to weakened solar energy

Around 7,300 years ago

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Between which time periods did temperatures begin to decline due to weakened solar energy

5,300 - 3,700 BCE

How many years ago did agricultural societies emerge in the Mesopotamian civilization

around 5,500 years ago

In what year did agricultural societies emerge in the Mesopotamian civilization

3500 BCE

When did the Late Holocene (Meghalayan Stage/Age) begin

Around 4,250 years ago

When was the Holocene Turnover

Roughly 4,250 years ago

Starting date of the Anthropocene

1950

In what year did the International Union of Geological Sciences reject a proposal to formally name the Anthropocene as a new geological epoch

2024

Date of which the Late Holocene started

Roughly 2250 BCE

According to the calendar system that Western and global scholars use, when did the Holocene begin (BCE)

9,700 BCE

The Late Holocene began 4,250 years ago which is the same as which year

2250 BCE

The Pleistocene lasted how many years out of Earth's 4 billion year history

2.6 million years

Earth has how many years of history

4 billion years

The starting year of the Mesopotamian civilization (BCE)

3500 BCE

Around when did the Middle Ages begin

Around 1350 CE

Humans had cultivated some crops starting around when

3500 BCE

The Sumerians developed writing, a priestly class, and planned cities between what time periods

Around 3600 and 3000 BCE

When did the notable climate-related event occur in Mesopotamia

Around 2250 BCE

When was the Akkadian Empire established

Around 2334 BCE

When did the Akkadin Empire collapse

Around 2218 BCE

The Egyptians utilized their own form of writing around

3200 BCE

By what year were the pyramids built in Egypt

2500 BCE

Old Kingdom time period

c.2700 - 2200 BCE

The Early Harappan phase lasted from

Around 3200 - 2600 BCE

The Mature Harappan phase lasted from

2600 - 1900 BCE

The Late Harappan phase from what years populations moved out of urban centers in favor of smaller village settlements

1900-1000 BCE

Scholars point out what year as a turning point in the history of the Indus civilization

2250 BCE

The Andean civilizations included the Chavin culture from around when to when

900 - 200 BCE

When did the Inca Empire consolidate control over the entire region where the Andean civilizations were

1400s CE

The olmec ruled from when to when in Mesoamerica

1200 - 400 BCE

Alexander the Great time period

356 - 323 BCE

When did the Roman Empire have its greatest extent

117 CE

In which centuries was it colder and wetter in the Mediterranean

8th - 5th centuries

The years where Rome's peaked power

150 BCE - 250 CE

When was the collapse of the Western Roman Empire

476 CE

The Middle Ages are viewed as lasting until

1450 or 1500

The Renaissance time runs from

1300 - 1600

The year where there were several cold summers as a result of volcanic eruptions

536 CE

What year did historian Michael McCormick assert was the worst year to be alive

536 CE

Shang Dynasty time period

c.1600 - 1050 BCE

Around when to when did agricultural practices and a complex society allow people to withstand the stress of a dry spell in China

2000 - 1600 BCE

Zhou Dynasty time period

1046 - 256 BCE

The Little Ice Age time period

1300 - 1850 CE

When did Europe witness the Black Death

1300s

When was the expedition of Christopher Columbus

1492

Wolf Minimum time period

1280 - 1350

Maunder Minimum time period

1654-1715

Dalton Minimum time period

1790-1820

The 3 time periods of the European Alps

late 1200s - around 1380, 1580s - around 1660, & 1810 - 1860

Cooling during the LIA occured in how many distinct periods

Colder than usual conditions impacted sites of interactions between Europeans and Indigenous population during

the first centuries of contact

Throughout when did several European states build overseas empires via various measures of conquest

1500s

A cold spell during when interacted with cultural and economic conditions in Spain and England

1590s

The Sahel region experiences drying events around

1600 as well as from 1800 - 1850

In what century did China suffer social unrest

17th

Between what centuries did Europeans first arrive in North America

15th & 16th centuries

Colder temperatures around what dates put a strain on superstitious beliefs about weather and religion

around 1560 - 1630

A violent century throughout Europe

17th century

More sophisticated infrastructure and stable governments were able to mitigate the dangers posed by LIA in

the 1800s

How many periods was the Indus civilization split to

Due to the 536 CE event, several cold summers occured in the Northern Hemisphere over the next

decade and a half

The Mandate of Heaven became established during

the Zhou dynasty (1046 -256 BCE)