soc sci 2 Flashcards
A scientific theory on man as a biological being is the synthetic theory or neo darwinism
Man as a Biological Being
It enables him to develop and apply his higher level psychological process such as reasoning both inductive and deductive
Man as a Rational Being
Human behavior can only be adequently understood by looking into the relationship of man with other members of the society
Man as a Social Being
Man seeks gratification of his biological, psychological, social, emotional, and spiritual needs through the opportunities available in the society and the cultural behavior at his disposal.
Man as a Cultural Being
Man acquires certain political status and corresponding political role in a political power relation such as being a company president or a janitor
Man as a Political Being
Perceived to be a spiritual being in a physical body
Man as a Being of Divine Creation
A complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, art, law, morals, customs, and any other habits acquired by a man as a member of society
Culture
A social heritage of society
Culture
Refers to those tangible, concrete, man made objects, and other material inventions or innovations of man
Material Culture
Refers to the non physical ideas that people have about their culture including beliefs, values, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations and institutions
Non Material Culture
10 aspects / characteristics of culture
- Culture is learned
- Culture is socially transmitted through language
- Culture is a social product
- Culture is a source of gratification
- Culture is adaptive
- Culture is material and non material
- Culture is a distinctive way of life of a group of people
- Culture has sanctions and controls
- Culture is stable yet dynamic
- Culture is an established pattern of behavior
5 components of culture
- Norms
- Laws
- Ideas, Beliefs, Values
- Material Culture
- Symbols
Guidelines, standards or shared rules on what is right or wrong
Norms
Everyday habits, customs, traditions and conventions
Folkways
Norms with coercive moral and ethical significance
Mores
Formalized norms enacted by people vested with legitimate authority
Laws
Man’s conception of his physical, social, and cultural world
Ideas
Refers to a person’s conviction about a certain idea
Beliefs
Abstract concepts of what is important and worthwhile, desirable and undesirable
Values
Refers to an object, gesture, sound, color or design that represents something “other than itself”
Symbols
A scientific discourse, on empirical approach, proposition, viewpoint or explanation on why or how certain observable phenomenon do happen
Theoretical Paradigm
Classifications of Theoretical Paradigm
- The evolutionary paradigm
- Structural functional paradigm
- Social conflict paradigm
- Symbolic interaction paradigm
Proposes that societies, like biological organisms, undergo different stages of growth and development
The evolutionary paradigm
Envisions society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability
Structural functional paradigm
Envisions society as an area of inequality that generates conflict and change
Social conflict paradigm
Envisions society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals
Symbolic interaction paradigm
Defined as a considerable number of people who are in constant association and interaction with one another
Society
Latin word “socius” meaning
Companion
Greek word “polis” meaning
A city with a sovereign state
Politics is the pursuit of power, and power is the goal of all political activity
Niccolo Machiavelli
Prominent political philosophers
- Bernard Crick
- Han Morganthaw
- Aristotle
- Defensor Santiago
The study of conflict of interest and how they are conciliated
Bernard Crick
The struggle for power is politics
Han Morganthaw
Man is by nature a political animal
Aristotle
Politics as power is the ability to achieve a desired outcome, through whatever means
Defensor Santiago
most political scientists use history while traditionalists concrete on the chronological and historical development of government
Traditional/ Historical approach
concentrating on the informed aspects of politics, it seeks to understand how individuals behave within political instutuition
Scientific/ Behavioralist approach
it employs to identify all the critical structures and processes of society, explain their interrealationship with politics
General Theory approach
the politics of a social environment and an abstract political system convert demands and supports into outputs
System approach
it specifies the activities of a sociable political system and explains how these functions must be performed to maintain the stability of the political system
Structural Functional approach
are concerned with the relationship between government and economics
Political Economy approach
Means one person can get another to do something even against his will
Power
Refers to broad areas of social living found in all societies
Universal pattern of culture
Identifies 11 broad areas of social life which constitute the universal patterns of culture
Wissler (1923)
Factors that account for diversity or difference in culture
- Culture Variability
- Culture Relativity
- Human Ingenvity and Ability to Absorb and Expand New Culture
Refers to the different solutions used by people to solve the problem of existence
Cultural Variability
Refers to the differences in belief, values, norms and standards
Cultural Relativity
Operations or Perspectives in Viewing One’s Culture
- Cultural Relativism
- Culture Shock
- Ethnocentrism
- Xenocentrism
- Counterculture or Contraculture
- Subculture
State that cultures differ so that a culture traits, act or idea has no meaning or function by itself but has a meaning only within it’s cultural setting
Cultural Relativism
Refers to the feeling of disbelief, disorganization and frustration one experiences when he encounters cultural behaviors or practices which are different from his
Culture Shock
Refers to the feeling of superiority for one’s own culture or group and to judge others cultures or inferior, wrong, strange, or queer.
Ethnocentrism
Refers to the idea that what is foreign is best and that one’s lifestyle, ideas, or products are inferior to those of others
Xenocentrism
It refers to subgroups whose standards are in conflict with the conventional standards of society
Counterculture or contraculture
Refers to smaller group which develop norms, values, beliefs and special language which make them distinct from the broader society
Subculture
concerned with the study of human societies and of human behaviour in social setting
Sociology
meaning companion
Socious
meaning study
Logos
Areas of Sociology
- Social Organization
- Social Psychology
- Social Change
- Human Ecology
- Population Studies
- Sociological Theory and Research
- Applied Sociology
includes the study of social groups, social instituition, ethnic relations and bureaucracy
Social Organization
includes the study of human nature as the outcome of group life, personality formation, and collective behavior
Social Psychology
involves the study of change in culture. and ongoing social problems
Social Change
study the behaviour of a given population and its relationship to the group’s social instutuitions and natural resources
Human Ecology
concerned with the population size, Campostion, change, and as they influence the quality economic political, social system and vice versa
Population Studies
concerned with the discovery, development and replication of research tools that will test the applicability of the principles of group life for the regulation of the social environment
Sociological Theory and Research
concerned with the application of the findings of pure sociological research to such various fields as marriage and family
Applied Sociology
refers to scientific investigation or intellectual and rigorous research on a particular issue
Sociological Inquiry
refers to a person with professional knowledge and skills in studying the facts of society
Sociologist
Fundamental Procedures in Sociological Inquiry
- Depending the Problem
- Reviewing the Literature
- Forming a Hypothesis
- Choosing a Research Design
- Collecting the data
- Analyzing the Data
- Drawing Conclusions
- Communicating the result of the study
selecting a topic for research and defining key concept
Depending the Problem
familiarizing oneself with the existing theory and research on the topic
Reviewing the Literature
defining the relationship between measurable variables so that they can be measured and the hypothesis tested
Forming a Hypothesis
selecting a method for study ; experiment ; case study, survey, field observation, or a historical approach
Choosing a Research Design
collecting the information that will test the hypothesis
Collecting the data
working and examining the data to shed light on the hypothesis
Analyzing the Data
summarizing the outcome of the study
Drawing Conclusions
Methods, Techniques and Tools in Sociological Inquiry
- Experiment
- Survey
- Case Study
- Field Observation or Participation Observation
- Interviewing
- Historical Approach
research method that exposes subjects to a specially designed situation
Experiment
a method of research using either questionare or interviews or both to learn how people think, feel or act
Survey
intensive study and examination o a person or a specific group, organization or institution is carried out
Case Study
a research method in which researchers deliberately involve themselves in this activity
Field Observation or Participation Observation
can be done face to face or by telephone
Interviewing
asked in a fixed order to provide systematic and comparable data and hence facilities analysis
Structure or Directive
the researchers do not seek answer to specific questions but to explore a broad or subtle aspect of social life
Unstructured or Undirective
a procedure where historical materials such as documents are analyzed
Historical Approach
are questioned that require a participant to answer in their own words
Open Ended Questionaire
are defined as question types that ask respondent to choose from a distinct set of pre defined responses
Close Ended Questionaire
involves the examination of data from observations, interviews, and publications which are not statistical in nature
Qualitative Technique
involves the use of statistics which deal with a mass of data and permit more precise statements of their relationships
Quantitative Technique
Qualitative
- Words
- Subjective
- Inductive
- Not Generalisible
Quantitative
- Number
- Objective
- Deductive
- Generalisible
define society as a group of people that shares a common literature
John and Mavis Biesing
define society as a social organism more or less approximate the Evolutionary Paradigm
Compte and Spencer
define society as a social system in dynamic equilibrium somehow leans toward the social conflict paradigm
Vilfredo Pareto
he stated that “no man is an island”
John Donne
they stated that “ an ordinary piece of ground is nothing on the viewpoint of culture”
Lundberg & Larsen
