hum 1 Flashcards
Types of
Literature
- According to Form
- According to Appeal
- According to in point of Space
- According to Genre
According to Form
- Oral
- Written
handed down originally through
words of mouth, like songs, proverbs, folk
tales, and riddles
Oral
preserved in writing; formally
documented from the start.
Written
According to Appeal
- Universal
- Limited
refers to writings written
long ago but continue to exist
Universal
last only for a brief period of
time
Limited
According to in point of space
- Internationally
- Nationally
- Regionally
According to genre
1, Prose
2. Poetry
General Types of Literature
1, Prose
2. Poetry
consists of those written
within the common flow of conversation
in sentences and paragraphs
Prose
refers to those experiences
in verse, with measure and rhyme, line
and stanza and has a more melodious
tone
Poetry
Types of Prose
- Novel
- Short Story
- Plays/Drama
- Legends
- Fables
- Anecdotes
- Essay
- Biography
- News
- Oration
This is a long narrative divided
into chapters.
Novel
This is a narrative
involving one or more characters, one
plot and one single impression.
Short Story
This is presented on a
stage, is divided into acts and each act
has many scenes.
Plays/Drama
These are fictitious
narratives, usually about
origins.
Legends
These are also fictitious and
they deal with animals and
inanimate things who speak and
act like people and their purpose is
to enlighten the minds of children
to events that can mold their ways
and attitudes
Fables
These are merely
products of the writer’s imagination
and the main aim is to bring out
lessons to the reader
Anecdotes
This expresses the
viewpoint or opinion of the
writer about a particular problem
or event.
Essay
This deals with the
life of a person which may be
about himself, his
autobiography or that of others
Biography
This is a report of
everyday events in society,
government, science and
industry, and accidents,
happening nationally or not
News
This is a formal
treatment of a subject and is
intended to be spoken in public.
It appeals to the intellect, to the
will or to the emotions of the
audience.
Oration
3 Types of Poetry
- Narrative Poetry
- Lyric Poetry
- Dramatic Poetry
This form
describes important events in
life either real or imaginary
Narrative Poetry
This is an extended narrative about
heroic exploits often under supernatural
control.
Epic
This is a narrative which is
written in verse and can be classified either as
a ballad or a metrical romance.
Metrical Tale
Of the narrative poems, this is
considered the shortest and simplest
Ballads
Originally, this refers to that
kind of poetry meant to be sung to the
accompaniment of a lyre, but now, this
applies to any type of poetry that expresses
emotions and feelings of the poet
Lyric Poetry
These are
short poems intended to be sung. The
common theme is love, despair, grief, doubt,
joy, hope and sorrow.
Folk Songs (Awiting Bayan)
This is a lyric poem of 14 lines
dealing with an emotion, a feeling, or an idea.
These are two types: the Italian and
Shakespearean
Sonnets
This is a lyric poem which
expresses feelings of grief and
melancholy, and whose theme is
death
Elegy
This is a poem of a noble
feeling, expressed with dignity, with
no definite number of syllables or
definite number of lines in stanza
Ode
This is a song
praising God or the Virgin Mary and
containing a philosophy of life.
Psalms (Dalit)
These have measures of
twelve syllables (dodecasyllabic) and
slowly sung to the accompaniment of a
guitar or banduria.
Awit (Songs)
These have
measures of eight syllables
(octosyllabic) and recited to a martial
beat.
Corridos (Kurridos)
The word comedy comes
from the Greek term “Komos”
meaning festivity or revelry. This
form usually is light and written
with the purpose of amusing, and
usually has a happy ending.
Comedy
This is usually used in
musical plays with the opera. Today,
this is related to tragedy just as the
farce is to comedy. It arouses
immediate and intense emotion and
is usually sad but there is a happy
ending for the principal character
Melodrama
This involves the hero
struggling mightily against dynamic
forces; he meets death or ruin
without success and satisfaction
obtained by the protagonist in a
comedy
Tragedy
This is an exaggerated
comedy.
Farce
This form is either
purely comic or tragic and it pictures
the life of today
Social Poems
This has become the basis of
Christianity originating from Palestine
and Greece.
The Bible
The Muslim Bible originating
from Arabia.
Koran
These have been the source of
myths and legends of Greece. They
were written by Homer.
The Iliad and the Odyssey
The longest epic of the world. It
contains the history of religion in
India.
The Mahab-harata
It depicts the religion and customs of the
English in the early days. This originated
from England and was written by Chaucer.
Canterbury Tales
Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe of the US.
This depicted the sad and fate of slaves; this
became the basis of democracy later on
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Written by Dante of Italy. This shows
the religion and customs of the early
Italians.
The Divine Comedy
This shows the cultural characteristics
of the Spaniards and their national
history.
This shows the cultural characteristics
of the Spaniards and their national
history.
This includes Doce Pares and
Roncesvalles of France. It tells about the
Golden Age of Christianity in France.
The Song of Roland
This includes the cult of Osiris and
the mythology and theology of
Egypt.
The Book of the Dead
This was written by Confucius of
China. This became the basis of
Christian religion.
The Book of the Days
From Arabia and Persia (Iran). It shows
the ways of government, of industries
and of the society of the Arabia and
Persians.
One Thousand and One Nights/The
Arabian Nights
derived
from the Kavi, a Javanese
(Indonesian) script
Baybayin
Most literary works during the precolonial period
were transmitted through
Oral communication
Conventions of Oral
Literature
- Common experiences of the
community as subject matter - Communal authorship
- Formulaic repetitions
- Stereotyping of characters
- Regular rhythmic and musical
devices
a literary scholar notable for his
studies on Philippine folk
literature, divided Philippine
precolonial literature into three,
namely the Mythological Age,
Heroic Age, and Folktales from all
ages
Arsenio Manuel
the period when our ancestors told
stories about the creation of
human beings and the world,
natural phenomena, and deities and
spirits
Mythological Age
Ordinary mortals and cultural heroes
became the chief subject matter in this
period
Heroic Age
traditional stories that had humans,
animals, and even plants as
characters
Folktales
Precolonial Literature is
characterized by
- Legends
- Folk Tales
3.Epics - Folk Songs
- Epigrams, Riddles, Chants
- Proverbs and Sayings
A form of prose, the common theme of which is about
the origin of a thing, place, location, or name.
Legends
are made up of stories about life, adventure,
love, horror and humor where one can derive lessons
about life
Folk Tales
are long narrative poems in which a
series of heroic achievements or events,
usually of a hero, are dealt with at length.
Epics
are one of the oldest forms of
Philippine literature that emerged in the preSpanish period. These songs mirrored the early
forms of culture. Many of these have 12
syllables.
Folk Songs
Also called as “salawikain”
Epigrams
(Bugtong) or Palaisipan
These are made up of one or more
measured lines with rhyme and may
consist of four to 12 syllables
Riddles
Used in witchcraft or
enchantment
Chants
Some are rhyming couplets with verses
of 5,6 or 8 syllables, each line having the
same number of syllables.
Maxims
often used in teasing or
to comment on a person’s actuations
Sayings
idioms
Group of words that express things,
situations, or events indirectly
Sawikain
author of Traditions of the Tinguian: A Study of
Philippine Folk-Lore
Fay Cooper Cole
the compiler and annotator of
Philippine Folk Tales published by
A.C. McClurg & Co. in 1916
Mabel Cook Cole
Literary
Standards
- Universality
- Artistry
- Intellectual value
- Permanence
- Style
- Spiritual value
- Suggestiveness
Great literature is timeless and timely.
Forever relevant, it appeals to one and
all, anytime, anywhere,
Universality
In its restricted meaning, literature
includes only those works that are
polished and artistic in forms and
thoughts.
Artistry
work must express
truth and beauty.
Artistic
Requires that literature or a literary
piece such as a short story must also
give a sense of information, and
should make the reader think or
analyze
Intellectual Value
A great work of literature endures. It
can be read again and again as each
reading gives fresh delight and new
insights and opens a new world of
meaning and experience.
- Its appeal is lasting.
Permanence
This is the peculiar way in which
the writer sees life, forms his
ideas, and expresses them
Style
Literature elevates the spirit by
bringing out moral values which
makes a better person
Spiritual Value
This is associated with the emotional
power of literature.
- A great literature moves us deeply
and stirs our feelings and imagination
and evoke one’s visions above and
beyond the plane of ordinary life and
experience
Suggestiveness
3 Basic Standards
of Good Literature
- Aesthetic Aspect
- Intellectual Aspect
- Spiritual Aspect
emphasizes form or
delightful sense of the
beautiful and
pleasurable
Aesthetic Aspect
gives a sense of
information, and should
make the reader think
or analyze
Intellectual Aspect
must generate values
and be spiritually
uplifting
Spiritual Aspect
Story that is
created from your
imagination
Fiction
A true story about
real people and real
events.
Non Fiction
All literary works
written and published
in the latter part of the
21st century
21st Century Literature
It is an online journal or
informational website
displaying information in
reverse chronological order,
with the latest posts appearing
first
Blog
It is a fiction that addresses
issues of modern
womanhood, often
humorously or
lightheartedly, It typically
features a female
protagonist whose
womanhood is heavily
thematized in the plot
Chick Lit
It is a style of fictional
literature of extreme
brevity. There is no
widely accepted
definition of the length of
the category. It could
range from a word to a
thousand
Flash Fiction
A type of flash fiction, six
word stories are (very)
short stories with an
exact word count
Six-word Flash Fiction
Generally, 50% of the
narrative is presented
without words
Illustrated Novel
It is a genre of speculative
fiction dealing with
imaginative concepts such
as futuristic science and
technology, space travel,
faster than light travel,
parallel universe and
extraterrestrial life
Scifi
Triple media literature
Combines three media:
books, movies, and
internet website
Students must engage in
navigation, reading,
viewing, in all three
formats
Digi Fiction
Narratives in comic book
format.
Narrative work in which the
story is conveyed to the
reader using comic form.
The term is employed in a
broad manner,
encompassing nonfiction
works and thematically
linked short stories as well
as fictional stories across a
number of genres
Graphic Novels
Japanese word for comics
Manga
Boy’s Manga
Shonen
Girl’s Manga
Shojo
Men’s Manga
Seinin
Women’s Manga
Josei
Children’s Manga
Kodomo
Literary presentation where
the author incorporates
doodle writing and drawings,
and handwritten graphics in
place of traditional font
Doodle Fiction
Stories told almost
completely in
dialogue stimulating
social network
exchanges.
Text-Talk-Novels
Sometimes called
“what if” books
Speculative Fiction
A form of digital
poetry that uses links
using hypertext mark
up. It is very visual
form and is related to
hypertext fiction and
visual aids
Hyper Poetry
Poem written in the
form of a text
message, usually
consisting of one to
two stanzas
Textula
the date that the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand
Magellan arrived in the Philippine soil
March 16, 1521
an island in Eastern Samar where Magellan landed
Homonhon
where the first Catholic mass in the country was
celebrated
Limasawa
date that Fr. Pedro Valderrama baptized more
than 500 natives along with Rajah Humabon
April 14, 1521
named the archipelago Las Islas
Filipinas in honor of Prince Philip of Asturias, who reigned as the
King of Spain from 1556 to 1598
Ruy López de Villalobos
- the year King Philip II of Spain officially colonized the
country and assigned the new expedition to the first GovernorGeneral Miguel López de Legazpi
1565
two motives in colonizing the Philippines
- Spice Trade
- Converting filipinos to Christians
Members of the Reform Movement
- Jose Rizal (Dimasalang/Laong Laan)
- Marcelo H. del Pilar (Plaridel)
- Mariano Ponce (Tikbalang/Kalipulako)
They wrote for La Solidaridad
Revolutionaries
- Andres Bonifacio (May Pag-asa)
- Emilio Jacinto (Dimasilaw)
wrote for Kalayaan
General Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the
independence of the Philippines from the Spanish colonial rule in
his home in Kawit, Cavite. This freedom, however, was short-lived
because of the arrival of the Americans in the land
June 12, 1898
first Filipino alphabet
Alibata
This was the first book printed in
the Philippines in 1593 in
xylography
Doctrina Christiana
The second book printed in
the Philippines was written
by Fr. Blancas de San
Jose in 1602, and printed
at the UST Printing Press
with the help of Juan De
Vera, a Chinese mestizo.
Nuestra Señora
del Rosario
This is the first book printed in
typography
Libro de los Cuatro
Postprimeras de Hombre
It is believed to be the first Tagalog
novel published in the Philippines
even if it is only a translation
Ang Barlaan at Josephat
This is the book about life and sufferings of
Jesus Christ. It is read only during Lent.
There were 4 versions of this Tagalog and
each version is according to the name of the
writer.
The Passion
A book by Modesto de Castro, the
so called Father of Classic Prose
in Tagalog.
Urbana at Felisa
A collection of songs praising the
Virgin Mary. Fr. Mariano Sevilla, a
Filipino priest, wrote this in 1865
and it was popular especially
during the Maytime “Flores de
Mayo” festival.
Ang mga Dalit kay Maria
(Psalms of Mary)
first novel authored by a
native Filipino.
Ninay
Written by Fr. Blancas de
San Jose and translated to
Tagalog by Tomas Pinpin in
1610
Arte y Reglas de la Lengua
Tagala (Art and Rules of the
Tagalog Language)
Written by Fr. Gaspar de
San Agustin in 1703.
Compenio de la Lengua Tagala
(Understanding of the Tagalog
Language)
The first Tagalog dictionary
written by Fr. Pedro de San
Buenaventura in 1613
Vocabulario de la Lengua
Tagala (Tagalog Vocabulary)
The first book in
Pampanga written by Fr.
Diego in 1732.
Vocabulario de la Lengua
Pampanga (Pampanga
vocabulary)
The best language book in
Visayan by Mateo Sanchez
in 1711
Vocabulario de la
Lengua Bisaya (Bisayan
Vocabulary)
The first Ilocano grammar
book by Francisco Lopez.
Arte de la Lengua Ilokana
(The Art of the Ilocano
Language)
The first book in the Bicol
language and written by Fr.
Marcos Lisbon in 1754.
Arte de la Lengua
Bicolana (The Art of the
Bicol Language)
This ritual was
brought here by the
Spaniard to remind the
people about the search of
St. Helena for the Cross on
which Jesus died
Tibag
This is a special occasion for the Pilareños of
Sorsogon during Maytime to get together
Lagaylay
This is a dramatic performance to
commemorate the passion and the death
of Jesus Christ
Cenaculo
lines are
spoken in a more deliberate manner
showing the rhythmic measure of each
verse and the rhyming in each stanza
and is more dignified in theme
Hablada
chanted like the Passion
Cantada
This is presented before
12:00 on Christmas Eve.
This is a presentation of the
Search of the Virgin Mary
and St. Joseph for an inn
wherein to deliver the Baby
Jesus.
Panunuluyan
an Easter
play that dramatizes the
meeting of the Risen Christ
and his Mother
Salubong
This is a form of dramatic
entertainment performed on a
moonless night during a town fiesta
or on a dark nights after a harvest.
Carillo
Considered the father of the
drama; it is a musical comedy
or melodrama three acts
which dealt with man’s
passions and emotions like
love, hate, revenge, cruelty,
avarice, or some social or
political problem
Zarzuela
This was a short musical
comedy popular during the
18th century
Sainete
This is performed during town
fiestas to entertain the people and
to remind them of their Christian
religion
Moro Moro
This is a poetic vehicle of a socioreligious nature celebrated during
the death of a person
Karagatan
replace the
Karagatan. This is a poetic
joust in speaking and
reasoning.
Duplo
This is a poetic joust or a
contest of skills in debate
on a particular topic or
issue. This is replaced
the DUPLO
Balagtasan
This is a chant in free verse by a
bereaved person or his represented
beside the corpse of the dead. No
definite meter or rhyming scheme is
used.
Dung-aw
6 provinces of
Bicol Region
- Albay
- Camarines Sur
- Camarines Norte
- Catanduanes
- Sorsogon
- Masbate
capital of
Bicol Region
Legazpi, Albay
Which Bicol province is known
for its famous delicacy called
Bicolano pinangat?
Camalig, Albay
Mts. Iriga and Isarog can be
found in ____
Cam Sur
It is known internationally as
Manila hemp
Abaca
It is a Bicol narrative tale that
tells a story with a meaningful
lesson
osipon
ancient epic of the
Bicol Region
Ibalon
widely credited for
inventing Bicol Express, also known
as natively as gulay na lada
Cely Kalaw
He wrote and directed the first film of Nora Aunor in
her mother tongue, Hinulid,
Kristian Sendon Cordero
he was named
Poet laureate of Albay
Abdon Balde
a poet, a writer, a dancer and a visual artist from
Legazpi City. Her play Rita’s Lullaby was the
winner of the 1998 Awgie for Best Radio Play and
the international Prix Italia of the same year
Merlinda Bobis
wrote a masterly poetic drama titled
Daragang Magayon (Beautiful Maiden)
overturns the passive maiden in the legend
and makes her decisive to do her part in
changing society
Merlinda Bobis
He’s been into poetry writing since
1983 while serving as one of the
staff of the Nueva Caceres Bulletin,
the official publication of the
University of Nueva Caceres
Gil gregorio
an essayist and the
2008 first prize winner of
the Salita ng Taon of the
Filipinas Institute of
Translation
Adrian Remondo
A multi-awarded fictionist and film writer
whose works were recognized by the
Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards
Alvin Yapan
a poet and a literary editor who
authored “Revolt from Hymen” a
poem protesting against marital rape,
Angela Manalang-Gloria
Filipino-American writer who was exiled
during the Martial Law for his writings.
Though born and raised in Tondo
Bienvenido Santos
an award-winning poet,
storyteller for children, and
playwright from Pili, Camarines
Sur
Carlo Arejola
one of the 40 authors published by the
National Commission for Culture and
the Arts for their UBOD Writers Series
project.
Estelito “Esting”
Baylon Jacob
a multi-awarded literary artist popular for his
“Ragang Rinaranga” (2006), Sinaraysay
Frank V. Peñones, Jr.
a microbiologist, a writer and a publisher. He
is a recipient of the Premio Tomas Arejola
para sa Lietraturang Bikolnon and is known
for his works “Burak” and “Masirang na Bitoon
kan Kabikolan
Godehardo “Gode”
Calleja
a teacher, writer, editor and one of
the founding members )He is a
founding member of Kabulig-Bikol
Honesto “Jun”
Pesimo, Jr.
a poet, song-writer, graphic artist and
musician. He has published a book of
Tagalog poems “Maynila: Libro ng
Pobya” (1999),
Jaime Jesus
Borlagdan
a multi-awarded contemporary writer
in Bikol, Iriganon, Filipino and
English languages
Jason Chancoco
a New York-based writer from
Magarao Magarao town in
Camarines Sur and whose poem
“Hometown” appears in US college
literature and textbooks
Luis Cabalquinto
a poet, writer, educator and
politician from Baao, Camarines
Sur
Luis Dato
the fifth governor of Ambos Camarines and
considered as the Father of both Bikol and
Bisayan Literature. He established the first
printing press in th
Mariano Perfecto
a teacher, a poet, and multi-awarded
writer and director
Bernardo Miguel
Aguay Jr.
a writer, journalist, broadcaster and
academician
Raffi Banzuela
a writer, poe,t and
academician. he coauthored Durùngan: Mga
Rawitdawit” (2003), a
collection of Bikol poetry
Juan Rafael Belgica,
Jr.
a screenwriter, journalist, novelist,
and playwright from Daet,
Camarines Norte who has written
almost 200 fils since 1973 earning
him more than 70 trophies from
various award-winning bodies both
local and international
Ricky Lee
a poet, teacher, journalist, theatre actor,
translator, graphic and book designer,
and a cultural advocate from Naga City
Victor Dennis T. Niera
weaves together theology and
philosophy to present Bikol values
and a panorama of Bikol scenes.
Carlos O. Aureus
won a Palanca Award for
her environmental play
Dalawang Mukha ng
Kagubatan (Two Faces of
the Forest)
Emelina Regis
writes poems and paints
with rage. She is the first
novel awardee of the
U.P. Creative Writing
Center
Barbara Barquez
Ricafrente
She wrote the first
book on Bikol history and literature:
“Bikols of the Philippines.”
Maria Lilia F. Realubit
“literary traditions, written or oral, of the various
ethno linguistic groups in the country, communities
that despite much internal migration, can still have
distinct geographical settings or identity
Regional
Literature
is the passing down of stories which give meaning to
human experiences, according to literary articles. It
can be categorized as national, formal or periodic
Literary
Traditions
