Soc Exam 3 Flashcards
principle of variation in nature*
no two living things are exactly the same. discovered when kinsey studied gall wasps
primary sex characteristics
genitals, organs used for reproduction
100% sample groups*
try to get everyone in a sample group to participate
white collar crime
generally non-violent and includes people in high up positions in elite corporations committing crimes. Public corruption, money laundering, tax frauf, etc.
extramarital sex
when someone who is married has sexual relations with someone other than their spouse
informal responses
warnings, telling to keep quiet before calling the police
when was the birth control pill introduced
1960
formal responses
calling police or getting authority involved
crime
violation of society’s formally enacted criminal laws
Why was kinsey’s research not totally reliable?
he got people on the fringes of society at the expense of the majority. he oversampled groups that were not representative of majority.
when did the sexual revolution happen?
1960s
date rape
forcible sexual violence against women by men they know. accounts for 70% of all rape.
informal social control
reactions of individuals and groups that bring conformity to norms and laws. peer and community pressure
Hirschi’s social control theory (STUDY)
crime as a result of social institutions losing control over individuals. Weak institutions such as certain types of families, the breakdown of local communities, and the breakdown of trust in the government and the police are all linked to higher crime rates.
definition of sex
biological distinction between males/females
biological approach
believes behavior to be as a consequence of our genetics and physiology
alfred kinsey
set stage for sex revolution, published study of sexuality in 1948.
formal social control
means of social control exercised by the government and other organizations
symbolic interaction analysis of sex
all social patterns involving sex have seen considerable change over time. the broader our view, the more variation we see in the meanings people attach to sexuality
sexual orientation
person’s romantic and emotional attraction to another person
Sutherland’s differential association theory
deviant behavior is learned, if we associate ourselves with people who are deviant, we are likely to act that way
consensus view of law (STUDY)
what should or not be illegal based on agreement of values among members, organized to protect general public interests
pansexual
attraction not limited in terms of biological sex, gender, or gender identity
prostitution
selling of sexual services has reached 1 in 5 men at some point in time. highest in poor countries
freud’s view of sexuality (STUDY)
everyone is naturally bisexual, male homosexuality is from unresolved oedipal complex, lesbians can’t have their fathers & reject him and all men
pluralism view of law (STUDY)
recognizes power and influence, even relatively powerless groups can have a voice
what did Durkheim say about deviance
deviance is vital and necessary. provides boundaries, order, and social control. illustrates what is and not acceptable
incest taboo
forbidding sex relations or marriage between certain relatives
criticisms of pornography
political issues, cultural issues, degradation of women, violence against women
secondary deviance *
person begins to take on a deviant identity, ex) gang violence
secondary sex characteristics
bodily development apart from the genitals ex) development of breasts, fat distribution, pitch of voice
medicalization of deviance
Growing influence of psychiatry and medicine in U.S has influenced definitions of deviance. High energy= ADHD thief= kleptomaniac
degradation ceremony
action or ritual publicly redefining someone’s identity (stripped of rank, sentenced guilty)
deviance
recognized violation of cultural norms
primary deviance
has little effect on a person’s self-concept. ex) underaged drinking and smoking, mostly goes unpunished
structual functional analysis of sexuality
importance of regulating sexual behavior to ensure marital cohesion and family stability. sex allows us to reproduce
conflict view of law
society composed of groups with conflicting values and interests, state represents value and interests of powerful groups
what kind of countries have higher rates of prostitution?
low-income countries
country with highest rate of teen pregnancy
The U.S.
who was lombroso and what did he study
studied criminals and stated that they stood out in society physically. said they looked like our apelike ancestors
when was same sex marriage legalized?
2013
bisexuality
sexual attraction to people of both sexes
when did the sexual counter revolution happen?
Early 1980s
arguments why prostitution should be legal
sometimes the only work a woman has access to and it is a victimless crime
types of prostitution
Elite prostitutes- call girls
Middle class prostitutes- massage parlors/brothels
Low class prostitutes- streetwalkers
homophobia
discomfort over close personal interaction with people thought to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual
asexuality
no sexual attraction to people of either sex
social norms
generally agreed upon guide for behavior, sets boundaries for interpersonal relations
What did Merton say about strain
Crime is a result of strain between legitimate goals and lack of opportunities to achieve those goals.
social conflict analysis of sexuality
sexuality reflects and creates social inequality. defining women in sexual terms amounts to devaluing them from full human beings into objects of men’s interests
sexual violence and rape
used to humiliate or control other person. 90,000 women raped every year.
functions of deviance
1) identity
2) warning of change
3) scapegoating
4) employment
labeling theory and deviance
once an individual is labeled deviant they will then participate in deviant behavior
intersexuals
one who is born with genitalia and/or secondary sex characteristics determined as neither exclusively male nor female
Kinsey scale
accounted for research findings that showed people did not fit into exclusive heterosexual or homosexual categories. 0 (heterosexual) through 6 (homosexual), 3 being bisexual
myths about rape
rape always involves strangers
women provoke their attackers
rape is simply sex
retrospective interpretation (STUDY)
the reassessment of a person’s past to fit a current label (“remember that time…” to support new label) using someone’s past to justify their new deviant label
gender markers*
exagerrated gender characteristics to send messages
(shoulders, high heels, corsets)
