Soc Chapters 1-4 Flashcards
August conte
founder of ociology
favored positivism
saw sociology as product of a 3 stage historical development
andre-michel guerry
essai- launched sociology
one of the founders of moral statistics
quetelet
developed idea of “average person”
can find average by looking responses
one of the founders of moral statistics
herbert spencer
2nd founder of sociology, lower and higher forms of society
“survival of the fittest”
max weber
importance of religion in social change
multidimensionality of class
social economic status
*Charles H. Cooley
Developed looking glass self theory, in the mirror is not reality but it is a projection of what others see
sigmund freud
the conscious is developed through interactions with others
*structural-functional paradigm
sees society as a complex system whose parts work together. lives are guided by social structures
eufunctions
things that make life easier
dysfunctions
makes life more difficult
*social conflict paradigm
sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change
*gender-conflict theory
focuses on inequality and conflict between women and men
*race-conflict theory
focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different racial and ethnic categories
*symbolic-interaction paradigm
sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals
*stability and variation
stable rates from year to year, rates vary from place to place
Emile Durkheim
1987 book: suicide studied interpersonal relationships and suicide
Karl marx
engine of human history is class conflict
bourgeoisie vs proletariat
harriet martineau
1st important female sociology figure
her work was widely ignored because of gender
*W.E.B Du Bois
Civil rights advocate, founded and led NAACP, studied discrimmination issues
Jane Addams
Founder of hull house, advocate for women’s suffrage
primary group
a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships
secondary group
a large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity
interpretive sociology
the study of society that focuses on the meanings people attach to their social world (symbolic interaction approach)
critical sociology
the study of society that focuses on the need for social change
nonmaterial culture
ideas created by members of a society
material culture
tangible things created by members of a society
*Sapir-Whorf thesis
people perceive the world through the cultural lens of language
norms
rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members
folkways
norms for routine or casual interaction
mores
norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance
prescriptive norms
norms that society encourages we do
proscriptive norms
norms that society discourages us from doing
subculture
patterns that set apart some segment of society’s population
dominant culture
a set of patterns favored by powerful segments of the population
multiculturalism
educational programs designed to recognize cultural diversity in the United States and to promote respect for all cultural traditions
eurocentrism
the dominance of European (especially English) cultural patterns
*ethnocentrism
judging others in terms of one’s own cultural standards
*cultural relativism
the practice of evaluating a culture by its own standards
Freud’s Model of Personality
- Id
- Ego
- Superego
Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development
- sensorimotor
- preoperational
- concrete operational
- formal operational
looking-glass self
an image of yourself based on what you believe others think of you
agents of socialization
family, school, peers, mass media
gerontology
study of aging and the elderly
Elizabeth Kubler-Ross
psychologist who created the 5 stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
total institution
a setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by an administrative staff
Resocialization
radically changing an inmate’s personality by carefully controlling the environment
status
social position that someone occupies
status set
all statuses a person holds at any given time
ascribed status
a social position a person receives at birth or takes on involuntarily later in life
achieved status
a social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort
*quantitative data
numerical values assigned to data
*qualitative data
descriptive, non-numerical data
ethnomethodology
study of the way people make sense of everyday surroundings
master status
a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person’s entire life
role conflict
conflict between roles corresponding to 2 or more status
role strain
tension between roles connected to a single status
role exit
disengage from important social roles
social construction of reality
the theory that the way we present ourselves to other people is shaped partly by our interactions with others, as well as by our life experiences.
thomas theorem
situations that are defined as real are real in their consequences, the outcome of a situation depends upon an individual’s perception of it, and not on the situation by itself
dramaturgical analysis
study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance
tact
helping someone “save face”
sensorimotor stage
level of human development at which individuals experience the world only through their senses
preoperational stage
level of human development at which individuals first use language and other symbols
concrete operational stage
level of human development at which individuals first see casual connections in their surroundings
formal operational stage
level of human development at which individuals think abstractly and critically
positivism
approach to the study of society that relies specifically on scientific evidence, such as experiments and statistics, to reveal the true nature of how society operates
socialization
the process of learning the norms and ideologies of society
moral statistics
refers to numerical data generally considered to be indicative of social pathology in groups of people. data like suicide, divorce, abortion, prostitution, etc.
Mead and the idea of “self”
the self is that part of the individual’s personality that is composed of self-awareness and self-image.
Asche Study
revealed the degree to which a person’s own opinions are influenced by those of a group.
Milgram Study
people obey either out of fear or out of a desire to appear cooperative
Weber and bureaucracies
an organization characterized by labor division, a clearly established hierarchy, comprehensive rules and regulations, and impersonal relations are ‘ideal’ bureaucracies.
generalized others
a collection of roles and attitudes that people use as a reference point for figuring out how to behave in a given situation.
