Soc Chapters 1-4 Flashcards

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1
Q

August conte

A

founder of ociology
favored positivism
saw sociology as product of a 3 stage historical development

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2
Q

andre-michel guerry

A

essai- launched sociology
one of the founders of moral statistics

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3
Q

quetelet

A

developed idea of “average person”
can find average by looking responses
one of the founders of moral statistics

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4
Q

herbert spencer

A

2nd founder of sociology, lower and higher forms of society
“survival of the fittest”

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5
Q

max weber

A

importance of religion in social change
multidimensionality of class
social economic status

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6
Q

*Charles H. Cooley

A

Developed looking glass self theory, in the mirror is not reality but it is a projection of what others see

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7
Q

sigmund freud

A

the conscious is developed through interactions with others

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8
Q

*structural-functional paradigm

A

sees society as a complex system whose parts work together. lives are guided by social structures

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9
Q

eufunctions

A

things that make life easier

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10
Q

dysfunctions

A

makes life more difficult

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11
Q

*social conflict paradigm

A

sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change

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12
Q

*gender-conflict theory

A

focuses on inequality and conflict between women and men

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13
Q

*race-conflict theory

A

focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different racial and ethnic categories

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14
Q

*symbolic-interaction paradigm

A

sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals

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15
Q

*stability and variation

A

stable rates from year to year, rates vary from place to place

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16
Q

Emile Durkheim

A

1987 book: suicide studied interpersonal relationships and suicide

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17
Q

Karl marx

A

engine of human history is class conflict
bourgeoisie vs proletariat

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18
Q

harriet martineau

A

1st important female sociology figure
her work was widely ignored because of gender

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19
Q

*W.E.B Du Bois

A

Civil rights advocate, founded and led NAACP, studied discrimmination issues

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20
Q

Jane Addams

A

Founder of hull house, advocate for women’s suffrage

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21
Q

primary group

A

a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships

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22
Q

secondary group

A

a large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity

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23
Q

interpretive sociology

A

the study of society that focuses on the meanings people attach to their social world (symbolic interaction approach)

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24
Q

critical sociology

A

the study of society that focuses on the need for social change

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25
Q

nonmaterial culture

A

ideas created by members of a society

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26
Q

material culture

A

tangible things created by members of a society

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27
Q

*Sapir-Whorf thesis

A

people perceive the world through the cultural lens of language

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28
Q

norms

A

rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members

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29
Q

folkways

A

norms for routine or casual interaction

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30
Q

mores

A

norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance

31
Q

prescriptive norms

A

norms that society encourages we do

32
Q

proscriptive norms

A

norms that society discourages us from doing

33
Q

subculture

A

patterns that set apart some segment of society’s population

34
Q

dominant culture

A

a set of patterns favored by powerful segments of the population

35
Q

multiculturalism

A

educational programs designed to recognize cultural diversity in the United States and to promote respect for all cultural traditions

36
Q

eurocentrism

A

the dominance of European (especially English) cultural patterns

37
Q

*ethnocentrism

A

judging others in terms of one’s own cultural standards

38
Q

*cultural relativism

A

the practice of evaluating a culture by its own standards

39
Q

Freud’s Model of Personality

A
  1. Id
  2. Ego
  3. Superego
40
Q

Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development

A
  1. sensorimotor
  2. preoperational
  3. concrete operational
  4. formal operational
41
Q

looking-glass self

A

an image of yourself based on what you believe others think of you

42
Q

agents of socialization

A

family, school, peers, mass media

43
Q

gerontology

A

study of aging and the elderly

44
Q

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross

A

psychologist who created the 5 stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

45
Q

total institution

A

a setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by an administrative staff

46
Q

Resocialization

A

radically changing an inmate’s personality by carefully controlling the environment

47
Q

status

A

social position that someone occupies

48
Q

status set

A

all statuses a person holds at any given time

49
Q

ascribed status

A

a social position a person receives at birth or takes on involuntarily later in life

50
Q

achieved status

A

a social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort

51
Q

*quantitative data

A

numerical values assigned to data

52
Q

*qualitative data

A

descriptive, non-numerical data

53
Q

ethnomethodology

A

study of the way people make sense of everyday surroundings

54
Q

master status

A

a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person’s entire life

55
Q

role conflict

A

conflict between roles corresponding to 2 or more status

56
Q

role strain

A

tension between roles connected to a single status

57
Q

role exit

A

disengage from important social roles

58
Q

social construction of reality

A

the theory that the way we present ourselves to other people is shaped partly by our interactions with others, as well as by our life experiences.

59
Q

thomas theorem

A

situations that are defined as real are real in their consequences, the outcome of a situation depends upon an individual’s perception of it, and not on the situation by itself

60
Q

dramaturgical analysis

A

study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance

61
Q

tact

A

helping someone “save face”

62
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

level of human development at which individuals experience the world only through their senses

63
Q

preoperational stage

A

level of human development at which individuals first use language and other symbols

64
Q

concrete operational stage

A

level of human development at which individuals first see casual connections in their surroundings

65
Q

formal operational stage

A

level of human development at which individuals think abstractly and critically

66
Q

positivism

A

approach to the study of society that relies specifically on scientific evidence, such as experiments and statistics, to reveal the true nature of how society operates

67
Q

socialization

A

the process of learning the norms and ideologies of society

68
Q

moral statistics

A

refers to numerical data generally considered to be indicative of social pathology in groups of people. data like suicide, divorce, abortion, prostitution, etc.

69
Q

Mead and the idea of “self”

A

the self is that part of the individual’s personality that is composed of self-awareness and self-image.

70
Q

Asche Study

A

revealed the degree to which a person’s own opinions are influenced by those of a group.

71
Q

Milgram Study

A

people obey either out of fear or out of a desire to appear cooperative

72
Q

Weber and bureaucracies

A

an organization characterized by labor division, a clearly established hierarchy, comprehensive rules and regulations, and impersonal relations are ‘ideal’ bureaucracies.

73
Q

generalized others

A

a collection of roles and attitudes that people use as a reference point for figuring out how to behave in a given situation.