Soc Exam 2 Flashcards
fundamental attribution error
an individual’s tendency to attribute another’s actions to their character or personality, while attributing their behavior to external situational factors outside of their control
absolute poverty
unable to meet basic human needs
relative poverty
falling short economically compared to others
social stratification
system which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy
generational wealth
$ or something that gets passed on after your death
caste system
social stratification based on ascription or birth
class system
social stratification based on birth and individual achievement
meritocracy
based on personal merit
pure meritocracy
position depends entirely on ability and effort
open systems
allow change in social position
closed systems
allow little change in social position
status consistency
A situation in which an individual’s status is similar across several categories such as education, income and occupation
davis-moore thesis
structual-functional view of stratification. stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of society. ex) brain surgeon vs mcdonalds worker, some jobs require scarce talent and will pay more
lumpen-proletariat
below proletariat class
why did the revolution never happen
higher standard of living, more worker unions, greater legal protections, american dream
socioeconomic status
composite ranking based on various dimensions of inequality
C. Wright Mills
discussed the power-elite, upper-class holds most of society’s wealth, prestige, and power
Kuznets Curve
high-income nations that have passed through the industrial era have less economic inequality
wealth
total value of $ and assets minus outstanding debts
intragenerational social mobility
change in social position occurring during a person’s lifetime
intergenerational social mobility
upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents
high-income countries
countries with most developed economies cover 25% of earth’s area
middle income countries
have per capita income ranging between $2500 and $10,000
low-income countries
largely agrarian with some industry
modernization theory
suggests that traditional societies will develop as they adopt more modern practices.
postow’s theory of modernization
1) traditional
2) take off stage
3) drive to technological maturity
4) high mass consumption
dependency theory
explains global inequality in terms of historical explanation of poor societies by rich ones
gender stratification
the social ranking, where men typically inhabit higher statuses than women.
gender roles
attitudes and activites that society links to sex
beauty myth
teaches women to measure themselves in terms of physical appearance
margaret mead
gender refelcts biological facts, people should define feminine and masculine in the same way
george murdock
global agreement on what tasks are feminine and what tasks are masculine, hunting and warfare fall to men and home centered tasks are women’s work
androgyny
fusing of traits of feminitiy and masculinity in a single personality
patriarchy
social organization where males dominate females
matriarchy
social organization where females dominate males
what amendment allowed women the right to vote
the 19th amendment
minority
category of people, distinguished by physical or cultural differences, that a society sets apart or subordinates
sexual harassment
comments, gestures, or physical contact of a sexual nature that are deliberate, repeated, and unwelcomed
feminism
advocacy for social equality for men and women, in opposition to patriarchy and sexism
marx’s conflict theory
society is in a state of perpetual conflict because of competition for limited resources
weber’s conflict theory
there are three main sources of conflict: economic, social, and political. This theory focuses on the competition between social groups, rather than individuals, and attempts to explain social change and stability as a result of group conflict
quid pro quo sexual harassment
when a supervisor seeks sexual favors from a worker in return for some type of job benefit — such as a raise, better hours, promotion, etc.
hostile work environment sexual harassment
any conduct directed at an employee because of that employee’s sex that unreasonably interferes with the employee’s work performance or creates an intimidating, hostile or offensive working environment.
pink collar jobs
working in the care-oriented career field or in fields historically considered to be women’s work
sex vs gender
sex is categorized as male or female. Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours, expressions and identities of girls, women, boys, men, and gender diverse people.
