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Semester 1 year 1 > soc chapter 4-6 > Flashcards

soc chapter 4-6 Flashcards

1
Q

Define culture

A

is everything from ideas and practices through to material objects. It is what we learn and the objects we create, those elements of our world and behavior that are not natural or instinctual

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2
Q

Aspects of culture

A
  • Includes learned practices ex. How to board transit properly
  • Includes items like branded clothing, foods, etc
  • Sociologists study those of the same culture
  • It’s constantly changing - human made
  • Its plural - there are many cultures in any given environment
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3
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

refers to the tendency to negatively judge other cultures based on the standards of your own culture.
–> Viewing one’s own culture as superior relative to another
–> Closes them off from true understanding of other cultures

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4
Q

Cultural relativism

A

It is the practice of assessing the components of a culture in the context of that culture itself, and not compared to another culture
–> All cultures must be evaluated on their own basis, not comparatively to another culture
–> Taking an insider’s view leads to a deeper understanding of the culture
–> Doesn’t decide what is moral or immoral

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5
Q

Cultural appropriation

A

The act of adopting an aspect of another culture without understanding and respecting the cultural context behind it, especially when you are a part of the dominant culture.
- Monetizing another culture

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5
Q

Multiculturalism/cultural pluralism

A

Multiculturalism is the policy and practice of respecting and promoting cultural diversity
- Contrasts assimilation - which is the process by which an individual takes on the values, norms, and practices of the dominant culture
–>Those not in the dominant culture are expected to assimilate
–> An aspect of colonization is the forced assimilation of the non-dominant cultures

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6
Q

High culture/highbrow culture

A

Elements of a culture that are high status and are therefore associated with a society’s elite
–> Includes things like classical music, attendance at opera, museums, etc

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7
Q

Subculture

A

Denotes a group embedded within the dominant culture with their own distinct values, behaviors, symbols, and material objects.
–> Can be based in anything

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8
Q

Mass culture

A

Defined in opposition to high culture and refers to the cultural practices and goods associated with the majority.
–> More pervasive and accessible to everyone
–> The divide between high culture and mass culture has become less sharp over time, as producers and consumers sample from both
–> Although high culture that mirrors the look of mass culture is usually only accessible to participants of high culture

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9
Q

Dominant culture

A

Refers to the values, behaviors, customs, symbols, and objects of the majority

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10
Q

Counterculture

A

Is a type of subculture that is in opposition to dominant culture
–> Ex. hippies during WW2

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11
Q

Rites of passage

A

A ceremony/ritual that symbolizes the transition from one life stage to the next

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12
Q

Material culture

A

is the tangible objects and technologies of a culture.
–> Includes homes, places we visit, foods, etc

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13
Q

Non-material culture

A

The intangible values, norms, and symbols of a culture.
–> Examples of non-material culture are ceremonies, language, and our expectations for all types of behavior, from how to enter and exit public transit through to our laws.

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14
Q

Consumerism

A

The tendency for people’s activities and identities to revolve around the purchasing of material goods.
–> Sociologists study how what we buy influences our daily lives and our identities

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14
Q

values, norms and symbols

A

Made up of value, norms, and symbols
- Values are generally accepted ideas about what is good, right, important, and desirable. Norms are generally accepted standards for behavior.
–> Norms are essentially the manifestation of cultural values
- Symbols are objects and gestures that carry meaning to those within a shared culture

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15
Q

Folkways

A

Relate to the commonly-accepted way of doing things in a particular culture.
- unconscious habits of individuals and the customs of groups - routine
- Breaking folkways produces a weak reaction in others - slight annoyance usually

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16
Q

Language

A

Considered a symbol of a culture
When spoken, language is a verbal gesture that carries meaning to those within a shared culture.
- Language can also include non verbal communication like gestures and expressions
- Is subject to change over time, ex. How people express laughing over text

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16
Q

Mores

A

Norms related to behavior that is seen as crucial to maintain decency in a culture
- More of a reaction when violated
- Sense of morality in a culture
- Some mores are enforced by law

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17
Q

Taboos

A

behaviors that are so strongly prohibited for social or sacred cultural reasons that any violation of a taboo is met with the strongest condemnation and punishment
- Ex. cannibalism, beastiality, etc
- Most taboos overlap with the law

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18
Q

Sociological study of culture

A

Nations, ethnicity
Dominant culture, subculture, counter culture
–> Ethnocentrism, cultural relativism, multiculturalism
Status and identity (such as social class)
- High culture/mass culture

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19
Q

In what way is culture written into Canadian federal policy?

A

Official policy of multiculturalism → because of that attitudes are more positive about multiculturalism

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20
Q

Cultural omnivore

A
  • consume a wider range of culture, highbrow and popular
    –> People who have the resources to participate in both

Related to consumerism - clothes/material objects represent something we want to portray about our identity/social class

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21
Q

Looking glass self

A
  • that our sense of self is rooted in how we think others see us.
  • : I am not what I think I am, and I am not what you think I am. I am what I think you think I am
  1. The imagination of our appearance to the other person
  2. The imagination of [the other person’s] judgement of that appearance
  3. Some sort of self-feeling, such as pride or mortification
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22
Q

Stages of the development of self

A
  1. Imitation - The stage where children below the age of three begin imitating the actions of those closest to them (referred to as the child’s significant others)
  2. Role-taking - The stage where children from ages three to five begin engaging in games where they role-play different people one at a time
  3. Game - The stage where children over the age of seven engage in complex games where they are required to take on several roles at once
  4. The generalized other- The point where children begin to understand themselves outside of their family and understand societal expectations
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23
Q

Types of agents of socialization (those who socialize others)

A
  • Primary socialization: Family
    –>“they are the conduit through which children are exposed to and adopt macro-level forces like religion, culture, and social class.”
    –> Language is taught by family
  • Secondary socialization: Schools, peers, media
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24
Q

Affect of Peers

A

Peers can have alot of influence on a teen’s life –> Conformity

Positive - Self esteem, Positive relationships → and how to end negative ones, Cooperation, empathy, altruism, Community behavior, Socialization

Negative - Engagement in risky behaviour - largest predictor for teenage drinking

–> protective factors can prevent this such as family and religion

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25
Q

Socialization

A

The process by which people learn the norms and behaviors of their culture
–> Unleashing human potential!!!!!

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26
Q

Media and youth

A
  • it is especially influential for young people as the influence of the family wanes and they seek independence through socialization outside of the family
  • cultivate identity through media

-Echo chamber → Confirmation bias

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27
Q

self-socialization

A
  • the process of shaping our own social development
    –> Self-socialization is a form of self-reflection where people develop an idea about their identity and set goals, pursue interests, and take actions to create or alter their identity.
    –> Internet can be a good tool for self-socialization
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28
Q

anticipatory socialization

A

is the process of adopting norms and behaviours in preparation for future roles we aspire to

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29
Q

total institutions

A
  • where resocialization takes place
  • ex. prisons, boarding schools, militaries, etc

Four aspects
1. all aspects of life are carried out in the same place and under the same authority
2. daily activities are carried out in a large group of others, all of whom are required to do the same thing;
3. day-to-day routines are tightly regulated and scheduled
4. All activities aim to fulfil the goals of the institution

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30
Q

the self

A

your sense of who you are based on your view of yourself, your interaction with others, and your place in society

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31
Q

wjat are Social Scripts

A

Families, religions, cultures, education, and other institutions provide scripts that help shape not only our identity and sense of self but also the myriad norms and expectations guiding our behaviour

  • makes interactions predictable
32
Q

Aspects of social scripts

A
  • First, the multiple positions in multiple social structures that we occupy, across a diverse array of roles, groups, networks, and institutions, shape our experiences
  • Second, social life is characterized by both freedom and constraint. We exist and interact within structural constraints like culture and class-based scripts that influence who we are and what we can become, yet we also have the freedom of action and personal agency to make choices about our life
  • Third, we rely on scripts to help us make sense of interaction
33
Q

Status

A

refers to the social position you occupy in a particular context.

–> Status can be based on social class, race, occupation, fame, or attractiveness, but it can also refer to other positions like father, student, pianist, or judo player

34
Q

status set

A

. All of us possess a collection of social statuses

35
Q

master status

A

it comes to overpower all other statuses in most social interactions, becoming a central feature of a person’s identity
- can be stymatizing like a prisoner

36
Q

roles

A

the behaviours expected of people who occupy a particular status.

37
Q

role strain

A

occurs within a single role. Role strain is the difficulties people experience in fulfilling the obligations of a single role.
- ex. responsibilities of being student, going to classes, school clubs and other commitments overlap

37
Q

role distancing

A

It’s also the case that people sometimes distance themselves from a role, advertising a lack of commitment or attachment to it
–> seperating identity from their role

37
Q

role conflict

A

Occasionally, the various statuses we occupy and their accompanying roles create incompatible demands on us
- Ex a mother has to miss her daughter’s recital for a business meeting

38
Q

Understanding social actors

A
  • acknowledging how we are social actors brings attention to our agency in social interactions.
  • Overall, our identity is as much a social creation as it is a product of social scripts
  • First, social life is the product of collective activities
  • Second, humans are social actors and social life is not entirely scripted.
  • Third, people’s understanding and definition of social facts are important - if people define a situation as real, its real in its consequences
39
Q

Core identity

A
  • Symbolic interactionism argues it’s real, stable traits across versions of yourself in different interactions
  • Postmodernism argues the self is a series of fleeting surface performances that fluctuate based on interactions
40
Q

Modern identity

A
  • Not tied to traditional institutions
    –> More about self expression
  • Online identity
    –> Can enhance certain aspects of your identity or portray something vastly different from offline identity
41
Q

Halo effect

A

Pretty privilege, seeing people as more favourable versions of themselves based on their status and attractiveness

42
Q

ethnomethodology

A

Ethnomethodology is the study of how people produce social order through interaction

43
Q

Breaching experiments

A

involve the deliberate violation of commonly held norms, rules, sequences, or background expectations, an observation of the types of social reactions that result, and an analysis of the social structure that makes these reactions possible

44
Q

Conversation analysis

A

looks at talk and other forms of non-verbal communication to understand the meanings, rules, and conventions that underlie talk.

45
Q

“current-selects” rule

A

(that the person speaking has the power to select their successor in the conversation by directing the conversation toward them)
–> can be overriden by someone of higher authority

46
Q

“adjacency” rule

A

(what happens moments before in a conversation constrains what happens next)

47
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

blaming behaviour on personal factors, like their personality, while ignoring situational or environmental factors that influence behaviour

48
Q

“six degrees of separation,”

A

the idea that every person in the world is linked to one another by just six acquaintances. In other words, you are a mere six introductions away from pretty much anyone on earth

49
Q

social network

A

social ties that link us with others

  • People “invest” in their network, providing social support because they stand to benefit from reciprocal obligations or because they wish to promote social solidarity
50
Q

Nodes

A

People/organizations/groups in a social network

51
Q

Links

A

Ties between nodes –> can be strong or weak

–> weighted ties - strength of ties
Weak ties - aquaintances, coworkers etc
Strong ties - friends and families

  • online links can be useful but offline reinforcement makes them more affective
52
Q

distance

A

The amount of nodes between two specific nodes –> do they have direct links or communicate between a common person

53
Q

social group

A

is one where members interact regularly and share expectations about behaviour

54
Q

Social categories

A
  • ## groups based on a common feature, like whether or not you are a coffee or tea drinker
55
Q

Social capital

A

Social capital is the resources an individual accrues through connection with other people or a social network

55
Q

Social support

A

is the protective factors that buffer or cushion an individual from the consequences of exposure to stress
ex. money, family, social capital

56
Q

Social aggregates

A

groups of people at a particular place, such as the crowd at a mall or movie theatre.
- we have few expectations about their values and norms

57
Q

primary social group

A

more closely tied together, like your family. Primary groups are small groups with intense emotional and intimate ties and enduring interactions, not unlike strong ties.

58
Q

secondary group

A

like classmates working on a sociology project or coworkers and acquaintances. Secondary groups are similar to your weak ties

59
Q

in-group

A

as people who belong to an exclusive group with a shared identity

60
Q

out-group

A

people who are excluded from the in-group.

61
Q

reference group

A

is any group to whom a person compares themselves.
- shaping identity based off the group

62
Q

groupthink

A

the pressure to conform to the group in order not to appear different or because you believe the group is correct, despite your own misgivings.

63
Q

rationalization

A

the pursuit of goals in systematic and ordered manner.

63
Q

Organizations

A

structures composed of people working together to acheive specific goals

64
Q

Collective behavior

A
  • Fear of ridicule
  • Loyalty
  • Status
  • Diffusion of moral responsibility
65
Q

Formal rationality

A

a way of thinking that involves the most efficient and effective means by which to achieve goals.
- commonly used bureaucracy

66
Q

substantive rationality

A

or the achievement of goals and ideals based on custom, tradition, piety, or personal devotion.

–> Organizing based on friendship, cultural traditions, and religious value systems would be an example of substantive rationality.

67
Q

Bureaucracies

A

rational systems—rules, procedures, structures, methods—for running complex organizations

68
Q

Types of authority

A
  • traditional, where authority is derived from long-established customs and traditions, ex. kings
  • charismatic, where authority derives from a person’s character, ability, or magnetism, ex. heros
  • rational-legal, where authority is derived from legal orders, like the rules and laws
69
Q

iron cage of rationality

A

refers to the tendency for rationalization to trap us in systems of efficiency and calculation that may ultimately strip us of our individuality and humanity.

70
Q

red tape

A

refers to excessively bureaucratic and complex rules and formalities that can lead to adverse outcomes.

71
Q

Bureaucratic inertia

A

describes the tendency of organizations to perpetuate established procedures, rules, and routines even if they prove to be ineffective or opposed to the organization’s goals

72
Q

McDonaldization

A

some scholars believe that society more generally is coming to adopt the characteristics of fast-food restaurants
- ex. efficiency and predictability

73
Q

differentiation

A

organizations aim to provide a unique product or service.

74
Q

Organizational culture

A

is the beliefs, norms, and values that are shared within an organization
- informal fabric of an organization

75
Q

Unit cohesion

A

is the bonding together of soldiers that reinforces their commitment to each other, the unit, and the mission, despite psychological stress

76
Q

Human capital

A

the economic value of a worker’s experience and skills including education, training, intelligence, health, etc

Semester 1 year 1 (13 decks)

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