photography Flashcards
Jpeg vs raw photos
jpeg → compressed file to fit more photos on less mb - quality is worse, embedded (changes the look of the photo internal process in the camera)
Raw → data from sensor is written directly onto memory card, quality is much better but big as a result, no embedded
- need a raw converter to open raw files
- raw is good for editing images
35 mm camera
called that bc it uses 35 mm film
Focal length
the view that can be adjusted on the camera on the lens zooming goes 18-55
- the smaller it is the wider the view
- adjusting changes the angle of view, angle is smaller as mm is higher
Wide angle
- large field of view (less than 50 mm)
- wide angle lenses tend to distort the image, good for small spaces, everything close to the lens gets very enlarged - distortion, immersive, unflattering portraits
Standard lens
same as human eye (50mm)
- isolates subject matter from backgrounds, compresses space flattens image,
Telephoto
- high magnification (50mm plus)
- more flattering portraits
Prime vs zooms lenses
- Prime lenses - one focal length only
- Zoom lenses - multiple focal length, much more practical
The Exposure Triangle
Made of ISO sensitivity, aperture and shutter speed. They’re all interlinked when it comes to correct exposure.
ISO sensitivity
How sensitive the camera is to light: higher iso helps you see more when there is low light, when sunny turn down iso.
- Each step is called a stop, the stop above each is doubled higher is more sensitive.
- The higher the iso, the more noise which includes less detail (can be edited with raw but embedded with jpeg) - higher iso is referred to as fast.
Aperture
Adjusts the amount of light that’s let through. uses f-stops for a scale. A larger number lets the least amount of light in and vice versa as they move up or down stops they are doubled or half (even though the numbers are weird).
Maximum aperture - The biggest hole possible for the lens you have. All lenses can reach 22, only few can go the largest aperture. small apertures are good for a lot of light, big apertures are good for low light.
- small aperture only let a small amount of light through (ex. f22)
- large apertures let a lot of light through(ex f4, f5.6, etc)
Shutter speed
Regulates how much light reaches the sensor. The longer the shutter speed, the more light is let in and more exposed. each stop is a stop again is doubled or halved
Resolution
Image resolution is the detail an image holds. The term applies to raster digital images, film images, and other types of images. Higher resolution means more image detail.
- Resolution is the number of pixels per unit of length (in pixels per inch).
All Pixels are not created equal!
- A digital sensor is essentially made up of millions of tiny micro-lenses (pixels)
- Pixels are analog devices which record light and colour data
- Larger Sensors contain larger pixels, which
How a digital sensor works
- Each digital image is made from millions of tiny squares, known as pixels.
- Essentially, an image is recorded by tiny micro-lenses (pixels) which make up the camera’s sensor
Histogram
After you take a photo and press info, it shows the brightness value of all the pixels in the image. shows the 256 tones available for a picture.
- 0 (blackest black possible) - 255 (whitest white possible), middle grey is 128
- The camera shows less range of shadows and highlights compared to the human eye- very limited contrast range
- When whites or blacks get compressed/ cut off its called crushed/crushing
–> If the black is crushed it’s underexpose - not a lot
of detail in blacks
–> If the whites are crushed it’s overexposed - not a
lot of detail in whites
Bracketing
Taking several photos at different exposures
- Overexpose and underexpose by one stop ex. if f16 at 1/60 is correct, take one overexposed at f11 at 1/60 and one underexposed at f22 at 1/60
Depth of field - aperature
Changing the aperture of a camera also changes the amount of the image that is in focus - this amount is called depth of field. doesn’t change focus but extends and retracts range of depth of field. The smaller the hole, the more depth of field. bigger the hole, least depth of field.
- Large aperture opening - shallow depth of field
foreground is more in focus, background is soft
usually favoured in photography - Small aperture opening - extended depth of field
background is more focused, foreground is soft
Depth of field - focal length
- Short focal length lens (wide angle), hard to make shallow depth, so it is extended
- Long focal length (telephoto) can do shallow depth
Depth of field - focus
- The closer your object ur focused on is to the lens, the less depth of field you have
- Distance from lens to object has a large impact on depth of field
Penny shot - bike example, following something that moves fast you focus on them as they come, follow the motion then take the photo. It makes the figure sharp and background blurry
White balance
- Tungsten lights - incandescent lights, gives a warm glow
- Fluorescent lights - the bright hospital lights
- Daylight - any outside light
→ Lighting conditions should match the setting to get proper skin tones
→ Flash is the same setting as daylight
Colour temperature
- Scale ranges from low kelvin (0 degrees, more orange) to 12000 degrees kelvin (more blue)
- Tungsten is 3200 degrees kelvin
- Daylight is 5500 degrees kelvin
- Fluorescent - greenish
- Daylight white balance at 5300 degrees kelvin
→ In jpeg be more careful with colour temperature, with raw it can be fixed in post so less pressure when shooting
Harsh lighting
Harsh light - casts harsh shadows (point light source) creates a more sculptural view, highlights imperfections
- Butterfly shadow- shadow under the nose, only the harsh light source can give you that
- Point light source can be converted to soft light source using a scrim/soft material (material to diffuse a light like clouds do for the sun)
Soft lighting
Soft light would be used for more beauty magazines, it’s more flattering. can also use a card under the chin to reflect light, though it is pretty boring. This can be made more interesting using directional light.
- Directional light - light source away from the axis of the lens, can be used to sculpt even with soft light
