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GCSE P.E > Soc. 10-14 > Flashcards

Soc. 10-14 Flashcards

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1
Q

5 functions of the skeletal system

A 
Protection of vital organs 
Muscle attachment
Joints for movement
Storing calcium and phosphorus
Red and white blood cell production
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2
Q

4 classification of bones

A

Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones

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3
Q

Long bones

A

Bones that are longer than they are wide.

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4
Q

Short bones

A

Bones that are roughly the same length, width and thickness.

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5
Q

Flat bones

A

Bones that protect organs and offer a good surface for muscles to attach to.

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6
Q

Irregular bones

A

Bones that have odd shapes and perform a range of functions

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7
Q

Cartilage

A

A firm, connective tissue

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8
Q

Ossification

A

The process of development from cartilage to bone

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9
Q

Somatype

A

Body shape or type.

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10
Q

Joint

A

A place where two or more bones meet. They are important for movement and rotation.

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11
Q

What are the 4 types of joints?

A
  1. Pivot joints
  2. Hinge joints
  3. Ball and socket joints
  4. Condyloid joints
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12
Q

Pivot joints

A

Allow bones to rotate. There is one bone shaped like a cylinder that rotates inside another bone or ligament.

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13
Q

Examples of pivot joints

A

Wrist, ankle, neck

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14
Q

5 main ways to prevent injuries:

A
  • selecting approiate methods
  • warming up/cooling down
  • protective equipment/clothing
  • checking equipment/facilities
  • playing to the rules
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15
Q

8 types of injury:

A
  1. Concussion
  2. Fractures
  3. Abrasions
  4. Dislocations
  5. Torn Cartilage
  6. Soft tissue injury
  7. Strains
  8. Sprains
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16
Q

Concussion

A
  • An injury cuased by a blow to the head and can happen in many sports
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17
Q

Fractures

A
  • A broken or cracked bone cuased by a blow.

- can be cuased by stress/fatigue

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18
Q

4 types of fractures:

A
  • Inclosed - the skin over the break is not damaged
  • Compound - the broken bone protrudes through the skin
  • Simple - take place in one line, with no displacement of the bone
  • Stress (overuse) - they happen as a result of fatigue
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19
Q

Abrasions

A
  • An injury caused by the friction of the skin against a rough surface
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20
Q

Dislocations

A
  • when a bone at a joint is forced out of its normal position.
  • occurs as a result of a hard blow which causes one of the bones to be displaced.
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21
Q

Torn Cartilage

A
  • Damage to cartilage often occurs due to wear and tear from long-term overuse.
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22
Q

Soft-tissue injury

A
  • Injuries at the joints usually becuase of movement past the range causing torn/pulled tendons + ligaments
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23
Q

Strains

A

a twist, pull or tear of a muscle or a tendon

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24
Q

Sprains

A

A damaged ligament caused by overstretching

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25
Q

Anabolic steroids

A

A drug that increases muscle mass and strength

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26
Q

Benefits and side effects of anabolic steroids

A
  • increase muscle mass and develop bone growth
  • produces quick results
  • increased risk of heart attacks
  • high blood pressure
  • liver disease
  • death
27
Q

Narcotics and analgesics

A

Powerful painkillers

28
Q

Benefits and side effects of Narcotic and analgesics

A
  • relieve pain from injuries

- loss of concentration, balance and co-ordination

29
Q

Beta blockers

A

They maintain a lower heart rate and blood pressure

30
Q

Benefits and side effects of beta blockers

A

-reduce anxiety and stress

  • nausea and diarrhoea
  • tiredness
  • depression
  • insomnia
31
Q

Diuretics

A

The elimination of fluid in the body

32
Q

Benefits and side effects of diuretics

A
  • help lose weight
  • reduce concentration of other banned substances
  • dehydration, dizziness, muscle cramps, headaches and nausea
  • long-term kidney problems
33
Q

Peptide hormones (including erythropoietin)

A

Increases muscle growth

34
Q

Benefits and side effects of Peptide hormones

A
  • Assists in recovery from injury and training sessions

- Increases the number of red blood cells

35
Q

Growth hormones

A

Increase muscle development

36
Q

Benefits and side effects of growth hormones

A

-muscle development

  • thickens blood
  • dehydration
  • increase risk of heart problems
37
Q

Stimulants

A

-Increases alertness e.g. nicotine and caffeine

38
Q

Benefits and side effects of stimulants

A

-overcome tiredness

  • insomnia
  • irregular heart beat
  • addiction
  • high blood pressure
39
Q

Blood doping

A

Boosting red blood cells to improve performance

40
Q

Benefits and side effects of blood doping

A
  • Improves your VO2 max (aerobic capacity)
  • Increase endurance
  • Boosts the number of red blood cells in the bloodstream
41
Q

Hinge joints

A

Allows only backwards and forward motion e.g. the knee, elbow and ankle

42
Q

Ball and socket joints

A

Allows a variety of movements. The rounded head of a long bone (ball) fits into a cup-shaped hole (the socket) e.g. hip, shoulder

43
Q

Condyloid joints

A

Allows circular motions. Similar to ball and socket joints but the ball rests against the ned of the bone e.g. the wrist

44
Q

Flexion

A

Bending movement that decreases the angle between body parts

45
Q

Extension

A

Straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts

46
Q

Adduction

A

Movements that pulls TOWARDS the midline of the body

47
Q

Abduction

A

Movements that pulls AWAY from the midline of the body

48
Q

Rotation

A

Movement around a single axis or pivot joint

49
Q

Circumduction

A

Moving in a circular or conical shape

50
Q

Dorsi-flexion

A

Bending or flexing the toes up, closer to the shin

51
Q

Plantar-flexion

A

Extending or pointing the toes down, away from the shin

52
Q

Ligaments

A

Elastic fibres that join one bone to another, to hold things together and keep them stable

53
Q

Tendons

A

None-elastic fibres that attach muscle to the bone

54
Q

Antagonistic pairs

A

When one muscle contracts (antagonist) the other relaxes (antagonist) to allow the joint to work

55
Q

Muscle fibres

A

Consists of a single muscle cell. They help to control the physical forces within the body.

When grouped together, they can facilitate organized movement of your limbs and tissues

56
Q

Type I

A

Slow-twitch muscle fibres; suited to low intensity work, e.g. marathon running, as they can be used for a long period without fatiguing

57
Q

Type IIa

A

Fast-twitch muscle fibres used in anaerobic work; can be improved through endurance training to increase their resistance to fatigue

58
Q

Type IIx

A

Fast-twitch muscle fibres used in anaerobic work and can generate much greater force than other fibre types, but fatigue quickly

59
Q

Myoglobin

A

A red pigment that transports oxygen to the muscles

60
Q

Voluntary muscles

A
  • Muscle movement under conscious control

- The muscles that help you walk, talk, pick up things, run, jump. You control how you use them

61
Q

Involuntary muscles

A
  • Muscle movement not under conscious control
  • They contract and relax automatically controlled by the nervous system. This happens without you needing to do anything
62
Q

Cardiac muscles

A

Found in the wall of the heart and works to keep your heart pumping through involuntary movements. It is made up of interlaced fibres.

63
Q

Vascular

A

The process that increases blood flow to active areas during exercise, by diverting blood away from inactive areas

GCSE P.E (7 decks)

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